Canadian Geography Lecture Review

Compendium of vocabulary and concepts from the Canadian Geography lecture notes covering population, physical geography, climate, and urban development.

Canada's population

$\sim 41$ million people

Canada's area

$\sim 9.98$ million $km^2$

Population density

Number of people per $km^2$

Formula for population density

$$\text{Population} + \text{Land Area}$$

Population distribution

Unevenly distributed; most Canadians live near the U.S. border due to climate, jobs, transportation, and resources.

Isodemographic map

Map showing population characteristics using equal-value lines

Linear settlement pattern

Homes built along roads/rivers

Concession pattern

Ontario farm lots

Long lot pattern

Quebec farms along rivers

CMA

Urban area with $100,000+$ people

Continental drift

Continents move over time

Pangaea

One supercontinent

Plate tectonics

Earth's crust moves in plates

Divergent boundary

Plates move apart

Convergent boundary

Plates move together

Transform boundary

Plates slide past each other

Alfred Wegener

Proposed continental drift

J. Tuzo Wilson

Helped develop plate tectonic theory

Three rock types

Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic

Rock cycle

Rocks change through heat, pressure, weathering, melting

Magma vs lava

Magma underground, lava surface

7 landform regions

Shield, Interior Plains, Great Lakes-St. Lawrence, Appalachians, Cordillera, Hudson Bay Lowlands, Innuitian

Canada's Breadbasket

Interior Plains

LOWERN

Latitude, Ocean Currents, Wind/Air Masses, Elevation, Relief, Near Water

Types of precipitation

Rain, Snow, Sleet, Hail, Freezing Rain

Prevailing winds

Winds that move $\text{west} \rightarrow \text{east}$

Gulf Stream

Warm ocean current

Labrador Current

Cold ocean current

Maritime climate

Near water, smaller temp range, more precipitation

Continental climate

Far from water, larger temp range, less precipitation

Climate regions

Arctic, Taiga, Boreal, Pacific Maritime, Cordilleran, Southeastern, Prairie

Climate graph components

Avg temp, temp range, annual precipitation

Soil profile order

O, A, B, C, Bedrock

O Horizon

Organic layer

A Horizon

Topsoil

B Horizon

Subsoil

C Horizon

Parent material

Leaching

Nutrients move downward

Calcification

Minerals move upward

Soil regions

Tundra, Wet-climate, Dry-climate

Vegetation regions

Tundra, Boreal, Mixed, Deciduous, Grassland, West Coast

Deciduous vs Coniferous

Lose leaves vs evergreen needles

Types of resources

Renewable & Non-renewable

3Rs

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Renewable resource

Replaced naturally

Non-renewable resource

Limited supply

Sustained yield management

Harvest at regeneration rate

Types of farming

Commercial, Mixed, Dairy, Grain, Ranching

Pulp and paper

Paper from wood fibres

Sawmills

Turn logs into lumber

Clear cutting

Remove all trees

Shelterwood cutting

Remove gradually

Selective cutting

Remove specific trees

East Coast fishery collapse

Caused by Cod overfishing

Oceanic water percentage

$$\sim 97\%$$

Freshwater amount

$$\sim 3\%$$

Primary location of freshwater

Glaciers & ice caps

R/P ratio formula

$$\text{Reserves} + \text{Production}$$

Types of minerals

Metallic, Non-metallic, Fossil Fuels

Energy sources

Oil, Gas, Coal, Hydro, Wind, Solar, Nuclear

Fracking

Hydraulic fracturing to extract oil/gas

Types of mining

Surface, Open-Pit, Underground

Primary industry

Extract resources

Secondary industry

Manufacturing

Tertiary industry

Services

Manufacturing location factors

Transportation, Labour, Markets, Resources, Energy, Government

Birth rate

Births per $1,000$ people

Death rate

Deaths per $1,000$ people

Immigration

Moving into a country

Emigration

Leaving a country

Net migration

$$\text{Immigration} - \text{Emigration}$$

Population growth rate

$$\text{Birth} - \text{Death} + \text{Net Migration}$$

Doubling time

Time for population to double

Rule of 70

$$70 + \text{Growth Rate (\%)}$$

Push factors

Reasons people leave

Pull factors

Reasons people move

Immigration classes

Economic, Family, Refugee

Population pyramids

Show age and sex distribution

Dependency load

Dependents vs working-age population

Liveability

How pleasant a place is to live

Sustainability

Meet needs without harming future

Land use types

Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Institutional, Transportation, Open Space

Urban growth

Expansion of cities

Urban sprawl

Uncontrolled spread into rural areas