male GU system

where is sperm made?

seminiferous tubules

where does sperm mature?

epididymis

what are the 2 androgens?

testosterone and dihydotestosterone

what is testosterone?

main testicular hormone

what do we have to know about dihydrotestosterone?

- formed from testosterone in peripheral tissues

- produced by the enzyme 5-alpha reductase

what does LH do?

go to the interstitial cells of Leydig that cause secretion of testosterone

what does FSH do?

goes to the Sertoli cells and secrete spermatogenesis

what causes an errection?

vasodilation of corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum to fill with blood

from when do erections start?

uterus

what is erectile dysfunction?

inability to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient to permit satisfactory sexual intercourse

what are causes of ED?

neuro deficit, decreased testosterone, DM

what drugs cause ED?

beta-blockers, SSRI

what is balanitis?

inflammation of the glans penis

what is balanitis associated with ?

poor hygiene and phimosis

who is balanitis common in?

men with poorly controlled DM

What is Peyrone's disease?

fibrotic condition that causes lateral curvature of the penis and pain during errection

what is priapism?

involuntary, prolonged, painful erection

what is important to know about priapsim?

its a medical emergency

what are most cases of priapism caused by?

they are idiopathic

what are 40% of cases of priapism caused by?

spinal cord trauma, sickle cell, leukemia, infections or penile trauma

Why is priapism a medical emergency?

it causes impaired blood flow to the corpora cavernosa

what is priapism treated?

analgesics, hydration (if caused by sickle cell), needle aspiration to drain blood

what is hydrocele?

excess fluid collects in between the layers of the tunica vaginalis

what causes hydrocele?

infections or trauma

how is someone tested for hydrocele?

transilumination

what is hematocele?

collection of blood in the tunica vaginalis

what is spermatocele?

cyst full of sperm that forms between the epididymis and testis

what is varicocele?

enlargement of the testicular pain

what is a common way that varicocele described?

bag of worms

what causes varicocele?

same reason as varicose veins

what are the major problem varicocele can cause?

infertility

what is testicular torsion?

twisting of the spermatic cord with the testicular artery

what are common symptoms of testicular torsion?

pain, the testis is large and tender, N/V

what absent with testicular tortion?

cremasteric reflex

what is cremasteric refelex?

touch the thigh and testicle goes up

how is testicular torsion diagnosed?

US

how is testicular torsion treated?

surgery

what is epididymitis?

inflammation of the epididymis

what is primary epididymitis caused by?

nonsexual infections, congenital

what is secondary epididymitis?

usually caused by anal sex, STI

what are signs and symptoms of epididymitis?

unilateral scrotal pain, red scrotum, inflammation of the epididymis

how is epididymitis relieved?

Prehn's Sign

what is Prehn's Sign?

pain relief with scrotal elevation

what is orchitis?

inflammation of the testes

how is mumps orchitis caused?

3-4 days after the onset parotitis

what are the symptoms of orchitis?

high fever, erythema, edema, tenderness

what does orchitis increase the risk of?

sterility

who is testicular cancer common in?

men ages 15 to 35

what causes testicular cancer?

unknown

how is the prognosis for testicular cancer?

excellent

what are risk factors of testicular cancer?

undescended testes

what is a first sign of testicular cancer?

slight enlargement of the testicle

how is testicular cancer diagnosed?

US, CT, MRI and tumor markers

what is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate

what happens with BPH?

nodules compress the urethra

what are symptoms of BPH?

Nocturia, frequency, dysuria, weak stream, urinary retention.

what can BPh cause?

UTI because of urinary retention

what is the most common male cancer is the US?

prostate cancer

how is prostate cancer screened?

PSA and digital rectal exam

what causes prostate cancer?

unknown

what are risk factors of prostate cancer?

age and a high fat diet

what are the manifestations of prostate cancer?

Asymptomatic early on, later signs similar to BPH

what is hypospadia?

opening of the urethra is on the ventral surface

what is epispadia?

opening of the urethra is on the dorsal surface

what is phimosis?

tightening of foreskin that prevents retraction over the glans penis

what is paraphimosis?

foreskin can't be retracted

What is cryptorchidism?

one or both testes fail to descend

who is at risk of cryptorchidism?

premature babies

what are consequences of cryptorchidism?

infertility or malignancy

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