Life Science Test 2

populations

members of same species living in a common area, that interbreed, and adapt/change

geographic isolation of populations

barries such as mountains, rivers, roads, canals. these barriers reproductively isolate the populations by restricting or preventing gene flow between them, leading to genetic divergence

genetic isolation of populations

random variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a samll population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce

ecology

the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings

ecosystem

a biological community of interacting oranisms and their physical environment, arranged hierarchically, made up of abiotic and biotic factors

abiotic

non-living

biotic

living

ecosytem hierarchy

organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes, biosphere

abiotic conditions

temperature, moisture, chemicals, light, pH

producers

autotrophs which produce sugar by photosynthesis (plants, algae, and some bacteria)

consumers

heterotrophs which get their sugar from outside sources

herbivore

eat plants

carnivore

eat meat

omnivore

eat plants and meat

decomposers

specialized type of heterotroph that absorb nutrients by extracellular digestion and recycle nutrients

fungi and bacteria

nutrients decomposers recycle

energy

ability to do work

work

force x displacement / distance

kinetic energy

movement (including heat)

potential energy

stored (includes chemical bonds)

first law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form into another

first law of thermodynamics in ecosytems

energy is converted from autotrophs to heterotrophs

second law of thermodynamics

no energy conversion is 100% efficent, entropy (disorder) increases, some useful energy is lost as heat

thermodynamics law application to energy in ecosystems

producers (algae, plants, and some bacteria) capture solar energy and convert it into chemical energy (biomolecules) through the process of photosyntheis

photosynthesis

links acquisition of energy with acquisition of nutrients, light energy is stored as chemical energy, anabolic, inorganic molecules converted to organic

nutrient

substance used by all organisms to survive, grow, and reproduce

plant nutrients

absorbed through roots, plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbtion through leaves

autotrophs and heterotrophs

respire (utilize cellular respiration) or convert sugar into a usable form known as ATP

cellular respiration

catabolic, energy is released, reverse of photosynthesis

trophic level

the poisition it occupies in a food web, the number of steps it is from the start of the chain

energy flow

influenced by 2nd law of thermodynamics

energy flow principle 1

total energy is conserved, some is reflected or radiated to space as heat, some warms the earth, some converted to biomass (plant material)

energy flow principal 2

energy converted by autotrophs determines food energy income of the community, autotrophs use some themselves, the rest is available to consumers

a producer

what food chains always begin with

food webs

show energy flow among populations, complexity and stability, the greater the number of components in a food web the greater stability

detritivore

an animal which consumes dead organic material, especially plant detritus, these then become food for other organisms

recycled

what is matter

nutrient cycles

each nutrient is cycled through ecosystems, typically these are inorganic substances that are reused

kingdom monera

single-celled (uniceulluar bacteria), cell walls (non-cellulose, protein or carb based), no nucleus or (prokaryotic), can be either hetero or autotrophs

decomposer

monerans role in ecosystems

kingdom protista

most are single celled, no tissues or organs, no embryonic stages, have nucleus with membrane bound organelles, some have chloroplasts

kingdom protista autotrophs

algae, plant like, have cell walls and chloroplasts

kingdom protista heterotrophs

protozoa, animal like, no cell walls

protists role in ecosytem

found at the base of the food chain, some protozoans cause disease, some algaes which are producers, are used as food sources

kingdom fungi

most are multicellar, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic, with extracellular digestion, cell walls made of chitin, typically reproduce with spore, made of strands called hyphae which are sometimes massed into mycellum

natures carbon recyclers

fungi role in ecosystem

kingdom plantae

multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic, have chloroplasts, photosynthesis, cell walls of cellulose, most are vascular

primary producers

role of plants in ecosystem

vascular plants

have true roots, stems, and leaves

transport tissue

found inside roots, stems, and leaves

xylem

transports water

phloem

transports sugar

seedless

ferns reproduce with spores in small spots called sori

gymnosperms

pine, spruce reproduce with naked seeds on cones

angiosperms

oak tree, lily reproduce with protected seeds in fruit/flowers

spore

single cell, no internal food source, microscopic, fungi

seed

multicellular, has a strored food source, large enough to be seen and held, plants

kingdom animalia

multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, internal digestion, no cell walls, invertebrates and vertebrates

consumers

animals role in ecosystem

aquaponics

system of farming in which fish and plants are raised together in an integrated recirculating system, the fish waste provides nutrients for plants which are ground hydroponically without the use of soil, environmentally friendly form of agriculture that uses less water, produces no raste, and requires little space

aquaculture

growing fish and other aquatic animals

hydroponics

growing plants without soil

characteristics of inductive science

studies recurring processes and phenomena, searches for laws and patterns, predictive, tries to answer how nature normally functions, another name is experimental

characteristics of historical science

studies origins, seeks to understand past causes and events, no predictive goals, asks how a one time event happened

historical sciences

archeology, forensic science, paleontology

naturalism/atheism

fully naturalistic, no miracles, uniformitarianism

supernaturalism/theism

creation, miracles, catastrophism

naturalism

no purpose or design in universe or life, natural world is only reality, only naturalistic theories valid, miracles impossible, no god or creator

supernaturalism

world and life are purposefully designed, reality exists beyond this world, intelligent design is valid hypothesis, miracles, creator

naturalistic evolution

comes from naturalistic worldview, we are all here on earth due to chance events, mutation and natural selection drive the process forward, organisms increased in complexity and produce new kinds of species over billions of years

macroevolution

other name of naturalistic evolution

christian problems with macroevolution

puts death before sin rather than after mans fall, it denies the special creation of man

theistic evolution

personal god used ovulation to create the world, not creation, god planned/controls natural selection and mutations, process is not random and life has a purpose (the necessary info for evolution to occur was planted at the moment of creation), evolution occured as biologists described it but under the direction of god

Roman Catholics

who believes in theistic evolution

thomas mathus

wrote a book about how human populations will increase faster than the food supply and then struggle for survival so society should limit family sizes

artifical selection

a process in the breeding of animals and plants by which the breeder chooses to perpetuate only those forms having certain desirable inheritable characteristcs

charles darwin

who came up with the theory of evolution

darwins theory of evolution by natural selection

organisms will overpopulate an area and compete for limited resources, naturally occuring variation will exist among the competing individuals, the fittest will win the struggle for survival, this means populations will gradually change

dobzhansky

first integrated work of mendel and darwin

neo-darwinism ideas

mendelian genetics, genes, and chromsome theory were used instead of just natural selection support evolution, mutation of DNA provided a far ranging source of variation with seemingly unlimited potential - much better than natural selection, population genetics - dobzhansky concluded correctly that populations not individuals evolve

neo-darwinsim definition

organisms that are best adapted to a given environemtn will be most likely to survive to reproductive age and pass on their favorable genes, leads to changes in the frequency of certain genes in the populations gene pool, the most fit organisms are the ones with reproductive advantages

naturalistic macroevolution

another name for neo-darwinism

frequency changes of genes causes

mutations, natural selection, migration, chance events (geographic barrier)

evidence for macroevolution

analogy of artificial selection and domestic breeds, fossils, hypothetical advantage of mutations, antibiotic resistance

problem with artificial selection

requires knowledge and intelligence, does not happen by chance, breeders must work to maintain selected traits, must avoid reversion to wild type, artifical selection has never produced a new species, definite limits to what even skilled breeders can produce, breeders must avoid too much inbreeding

problems with evoltions predictions for fossil record

transitional forms are missing and fossils clearly belong to a given taxon, new species appear suddenly and not gradually, old species disappear suddenly not gradually, amount of diversity decreases instead of increases, the fossil evidence is worse today for evolution than darwins day, existing species are the same over long periods of time

antibiotic resistance

lateral gene transfer during conjugation not mutation based evolution

natural selection role in nature

eliminates damaging genes, allow populations to adapt to change, and forms new species in isolated populations

young earth creationism

consecutive days, 24-hour days

old earth creationism

day-age theory, gap theory

creationism

god supernaturally created seperate, distinct kinds of life, microevolution, doesn’t require an increase in complexity or new organs or new information, change occurs within a kind, natural or artifical selection is the mechanism for which this happens

microevolution

can only produce new species within kinds

kind

level of order or family

intelligent design

ordered arrays, shapes of parts, refined materials, manufacturing process, multipart systems, complex mechanical systems, complex chemical systems, complex electrical systems, artistic shapes/patterns, novel devices - supported by creation

biosphere

the global ecological system integrating all living organisms and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere

astronomy

branch of science which deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole

astrology

pseudoscience that claims to divine information about human affairs and terrestrial events by studying the moments and relative positions of celestial objects

cosmogony

the study of the origin of the universe

cosmology

the study of the universes structure and changes in the present

helium

big bang first element