ATI TEAS Version 7: Life and Physical Sciences Review

A set of 40 practice flashcards covering biological hierarchy, cell organelles, mitosis, meiosis, genetics, protein synthesis, biomolecules, infectious agents, and microscopy based on the video lecture.

What is the correct sequence of biological organization from simplest to most complex?

Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms

According to modern cell theory, what is considered the most fundamental unit of life?

The cell

What are the three main principles of modern cell theory?

Cells are the fundamental unit of life, all living entities are composed of cells, and cells arise only from existing cells

What is the key difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes regarding the nucleus?

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus to house genetic information, while eukaryotes have a nucleus

What is the function of the cell membrane (plasma membrane)?

It has selective permeability to allow specific materials in and out of the cell, helping maintain homeostasis

What is the primary function of ribosomes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Protein synthesis

Which organelle is considered the control center of eukaryotic cells and houses DNA?

The nucleus

What is the structural difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Rough ER is studded with ribosomes, whereas smooth ER lacks ribosomes

Which organelle serves as the cell's packaging and distribution hub by modifying and organizing molecules?

The Golgi apparatus

Why is the mitochondria referred to as the PowerHouse of the cell?

It generates ATP energy through the process of cellular respiration

What role do lysosomes play in the cell?

They act as the waste disposal system, using enzymes to break down biomolecules and cellular debris

What type of cells are produced through the process of mitosis?

Somatic cells, also known as body cells

What type of cells are produced through the process of meiosis?

Gametes, which include sperm and egg cells

How many chromosomes do diploid human cells contain?

$46$ chromosomes (two sets of $23$)

During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

Prophase 1

What is the mnemonic PMAT used for in cell division?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

What is the outcome of cytokinesis at the conclusion of mitosis?

Two genetically identical diploid cells with $46$ chromosomes each

What is the final result of meiosis after cytokinesis?

Four genetically distinct haploid gametes with $23$ chromosomes each

What are the three critical components of a nucleotide in DNA?

A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

What are the four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA?

Adenine ($A$), Thymine ($T$), Cytosine ($C$), and Guanine ($G$)

In DNA base pairing, which base always pairs with Adenine?

Thymine ($T$)

In RNA base pairing, which base replaces Thymine and pairs with Adenine?

Uracil ($U$)

What is the function of regulatory genes?

They produce proteins or RNA that control the expression of other genes by activating or deactivating them

What are the two principal phases of protein synthesis and in what order do they occur?

Transcription occurs first, followed by Translation

Which enzyme is responsible for attaching matching RNA bases to DNA templates during transcription?

RNA polymerase

What is the role of Transfer RNA (tRNA) during translation?

To ferry amino acids to the ribosome and ensure they align correctly with mRNA codons

What is an allele?

A variant form of a gene

In genetics, what is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?

Genotype is the genetic makeup (like $FF$ or $Ff$), while phenotype is the observable physical characteristic

What occurs in incomplete dominance?

A dominant allele does not fully overshadow a recessive allele, resulting in a blended phenotype (e.g., pink flowers from red and white parents)

What occurs in codominance?

Both alleles are expressed equally and independently, such as a speckled pattern of black and white feathers

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

A monosaccharide, such as glucose

Why do lipids not have a true monomer?

Because they do not consist of repeating units

What is the monomer of proteins?

Amino acids

What is the primary characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from living cells?

They are not cells, are not considered alive, and require a host cell to replicate

How do Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria differ in their cell wall structure?

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell wall, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner cell wall and an additional outer membrane

What carbohydrate makes up the cell walls of fungi?

Chitin

What is the difference between direct transmission and indirect transmission of disease?

Direct involves immediate transfer (contact or droplets), while indirect involves mechanisms like airborne particles or contaminated objects (fomites)

In microscope terminology, what is resolution?

The ability to distinguish between two closely positioned objects as separate entities

Which microscope is best for examining the internal structures of a specimen?

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

Which microscope is best for visualizing the three-dimensional surface structures of a specimen?

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

What is homeostasis?

The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.

What is diffusion?

Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration.

What is osmosis?

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.