IBA GRADS Mathematics Workbook Vocabulary

This flashcard set covers essential mathematical vocabulary, formulas, and concepts from the IBA GRADS Mathematics Workbook 2022 edition, spanning algebra, geometry, statistics, and number theory.

Mean

The arithmetic average of a set of numbers, calculated by dividing the sum of the terms by the number of terms.

Median

The middle value in a list of numbers ordered from least to greatest; in an even set, it is the average of the two middle terms.

Mode

The value that appears most frequently in a data set.

Range

The difference between the greatest and the least values in a set of numbers.

Consecutive Integers

Integers that follow each other in order, such as $n, n+1, n+2$, etc., with a difference of $1$ between them.

Arithmetic Progression (AP)

A sequence of numbers in which the difference between consecutive terms is constant, known as the common difference ($d$).

Geometric Progression (GP)

A sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous term by a fixed, non-zero number called the common ratio ($r$).

Discriminant

The part of the quadratic formula under the radical, $b^2 - 4ac$, used to determine the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation.

Slope (m)

The measure of the steepness of a line in the xy-plane, calculated as $\frac{y_2 - y_1}{x_2 - x_1}$.

X-intercept

The point where a graph crosses the x-axis, occurring when the y-value is equal to $0$.

Y-intercept

The value where a graph crosses the y-axis, occurring when the x-value is equal to $0$.

Collinear Points

Three or more points that lie on the same straight line.

Domain

The set of all possible input values ($x$-coordinates) for which a function is defined.

Range (Function)

The set of all possible output values ($y$-coordinates) that a function can produce from its domain.

Composite Function

An operation where the output of one function becomes the input of another, denoted as $f(g(x))$.

Complex Number

A number in the form $a + bi$, where $a$ is the real part, $b$ is the imaginary part, and $i = \sqrt{-1}$.

Complementary Angles

Two angles whose measures add up to exactly $90^{\circ}$.

Supplementary Angles

Two angles whose measures add up to exactly $180^{\circ}$.

Circumference

The distance around the outside of a circle, calculated by $2\pi r$ or $\pi d$.

Prime Number

A natural number greater than $1$ that has exactly two factors: $1$ and itself.

Permutation

An arrangement of objects in a specific order.

Combination

A selection of items from a larger set where the order of selection does not matter.

Probability

A measure of the likelihood that an event will occur, calculated as the number of favorable outcomes divided by the total number of possible outcomes.

Simple Interest

Interest calculated only on the principal amount, using the formula $I = P \times R \times T$.

Compound Interest

Interest calculated on the initial principal and also on the accumulated interest of previous periods.