MedTerm Chapter 5: GI

Gastrointestinal system

Also known as the GI system or alimentary canal, it is responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption.

Ingestion

The intake of food into the body.

Digestion

The physical and chemical breakdown of food.

Absorption

The extraction of nutrients from digested food.

Defecation

The release of feces from the body.

Gastroenterology

The specialty that deals with disorders of the digestive system.

Proctologist

A specialist who treats disorders of the anus and rectum.

Esophagus

A muscular tube connecting the throat to the stomach.

Bolus

A masticated lump of food that is swallowed.

Chyme

The mixture of food with gastric juices and acid in the stomach.

Villi

Tiny projections in the lining of the small intestine that aid in nutrient absorption.

Cecum

The first part of the large intestine.

Peristalsis

The wave-like movement that moves food through the digestive system.

Halitosis

An abnormal condition of breath, commonly referred to as bad breath.

Dyspepsia

Medical term for indigestion.

Emesis

The medical term for vomiting.

Diverticulitis

An inflammation of the diverticula in the colon.

Cirrhosis

A chronic degenerative disease of the liver, often associated with alcohol abuse.

Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver caused by various viruses.

Endoscopy

The process of viewing inside the body with an endoscope.

Biopsy

The examination of a piece of living tissue for diagnostic purposes.

Colostomy

A surgical procedure creating a new opening of the colon.

Cholecystectomy

The removal of the gallbladder.