BTNY 110 Exam 2

not mine just copying from quizlet

Photosynthesis Equation

6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy --\> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Light-Dependent Reactions use energy from \____ to produce \___ and \_____

light, ATP, NADPH

Where do Light-Dependent Reactions happen?

thylakoid membrane

Light-Independent Reactions: \____ are used to make \_____ from \____

ATP & NADPH, glucose, CO2

Where do Light-Independent Reactions happen?

stroma

Where are chloroplast most abundant?

Mesophyll cells

Shorter wavelengths,

Higher energy

UV light

causes mutations

Chlorophyll absorbs

blue and red light

Purpose of thylakoids in Light-Dependent Reactions

Keeps components close and allows a proton gradient

Photosystem 2 process (LD): \______ is absorbed and transferred to \_______ at the start of ETC. \_____ transferred to ETC must be replaced (photolysis). ETC moves electrons from one molecule to the next, some energy is used to make protons, \_______ makes \____.

Light, electron acceptor, Electrons, proton, ATP.

Photosystem 1 process (LD): Excited high energy \_____ from Photosystem 2 are passed to another \_________. \_______ are passed along 2nd \____. Energy released is used to produce \_______.

electrons, electron acceptor, Electrons, ETC, NADPH.

How are electrons replaced in Photosystem 1?

Photolysis

Protons move from high concentration through the \______ in the membrane to produce ATP.

ATP Synthase Complex

Calvin Cycle requires

CO2, ATP, NADPH, 5-carbon sugar, enzymes

CO2 combines with the 5-carbon sugar \____

RuBP

Unstable 6-carbon molecule splits into (Calvin Cycle)

PGA

Enzyme that catalyzes splitting of 6-carbon molecule in Calvin Cycle

Rubisco

Rubisco is

ancient, made of 8 large and 8 small subunits, evolved when there was no O2

Product of the Calvin Cycle 2 things

PGAL, RUBP is regenerated

For every \__ turns of Calvin Cycle, \_____ is made

3, 1 PGAL

\____ are needed to make 6 Carbon sugar

2 PGAL

PGAL can be converted into

every organic compound

Equation for plant growth

Carbon fixed in Photosynthesis - Carbon used in Respiration \= Carbon available for growth

Factors that limit photosynthesis (7)

Light, CO2, H2O, Temperature, Stage of development, Nutrition, Pathogens

No Light?

Light-Dependent reactions stop, ATP & NADPH not produced

When stomata close

carbon fixation stops

climates with good rainfall leaves are

large and thin

Mesophytic plant

adapted to lots of water

Photosynthesis occurs in

palisade parenchyma cells

Stomata are more abundant on

lower side

spongy mesophyll facilitates

gas exchange

Xerophytic plant are

adapted to low water amount

Xerophytic plants have

thicker cuticle, several epidermis layers, stomata in sunken pits with trichomes

High concentrations \_______ close stomata

abscisic acid

Photorespiration is favored when

CO2 concentration is low in chloroplast

When temperature increases CO2

can't dissolve as well

C4 plants have pathways in both

mesophyll cells and specialized bundle sheath cells

Photorespiration occurs when \____ binds with \__ instead of \____; no \___ is produced or \___ formed

rubisco, O2, CO2; ATP, sugar

Benefits of C4 photosynthesis

Photorespiration is eliminated, more carbon is fixed, faster growth, extremely productive

Respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --\> 6CO2 + 6H20 + heat

Exergonic reaction

releases enegry

Energy is captured in

ATP

ATP is synthesized from

ADP and PO4

Generating ATP requires

enzymes, organelles, membranes

Five steps of respiration

Glycolysis, production of acetyl CoA, Krebs Cycle, ETC, Chemiosmosis and oxidative phosphylation

Glycolysis happens in \____, everything else in \____

cytoplasm, mitochondria

Glycolysis steps (Step 1) of Respiration: \____ splits into two \_____, produces two molecules of \____ and \____.

Glucose, 3 carbon pyruvate, ATP, NADH

Step 2 of Respiration steps (acetyl CoA): \_____ moves into mitochondria (CO2 splits off), remaining \____________ is attached to \_________

Pyruvate, 2 carbon acetyl group, acetyl CoA

Krebs Cycle: \____ combines with \______ to form citrate, two \____ molecules are released, some \___ and a lot of \____ is produced

CoA, oxaloacetate, CO2, ATP, NADH

Krebs Cycle regenerates

oxaloacetate

How many turns of the Krebs Cycle does it take to create one glucose molecule?

Two

Chemiosmosis and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Step 5 of Respiration). Takes place on \________, keeps \_____ \_____ together, allows \______ \______ to develop. Converts \_____ and \_____ into ATP

membrane system, ETC components, proton gradient, NADH, FADH2

ETC (Step 4 of Respiration). transfers \____ through a series of molecules, \____ and \____ are passed down ETC, some of the energy pumps protons across membrane creates \_____ \_____, electrons combine with \___ to form H20.

electrons, NADH, FADH2, proton gradient, O2

Chemiosmosis synthesizes \____ using the energy of a \_______ and the \________ enzyme.

ATP, proton gradient, ATP synthase

Phosphorylation

phosphate group added to form ATP

How many ATP molecules can a plant get from glycolysis?

2

How many NADH molecules can a plant get from glycolysis?

2 (4 ATP)

How many ATP molecules can a plant get from the Krebs Cycle?

2

How many NADH molecules can a plant get from the Krebs Cycle?

8 (24 ATP)

How many total molecules of ATP can you get from one molecule of glucose?

36

Fermentation

Electrons are donated to an endogenous electron acceptor and not to O2

Primary growth increases

length

Cell cycle has a long \_____, and short \_____.

interphase, M phase

Interphase

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

G1 Phase

cell grows and performs its normal functions

S Phase

DNA is replicated

G2 Phase

Cell grows and preps for mitosis

4 phases of Mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (PMAT)

Prophase

DNA condenses, mitotic spindle begins to form, nuclear membrane breaks down

Metaphase: \_____ \______ in middle of cell, \_____ separates sister chromatids, \______ attaches to microtubules

Chromosomes line up, miotic spindle, kinetochore

Mitotic spindle is made of

microtubules

kinetochore

protein complex that attaches chromatids to microtubules

Anaphase

chromatids pull apart towards poles

Telophase

chromosomes are fully separated, nuclear envelope forms, miotic spindle disappears and cell plate begins to form

Cytokinesis

splits parent cell into two cells, cell plate develops into cell wall

Expansion occurs just behind \____?

Apical Meristem

How does expansion happen?

Increases volume of vacuole, cell wall must loosen sides

\_____ is secreted to help movement of root in soil

Mucilage

Division Zone

apical meristem contributes new cells for root

Elongation Zone

cells begin to elongate and differentiate, expansion pushes root through the soil

Maturation Zone

Develop final form, root hairs form, xylem walls thicken, phloem tissue forms

The Cambium is essential for

radial expansion of stem

Branches develop from \____

axillary buds

buds are present in \_____

leaf axil

Apical Dominance

active apical buds suppresses growth of lateral buds

Auxin is produced in?

Apical meristem

High concentration of auxin

inhibits the growth of axillary buds

Branch roots are initiated by cell division in the

pericycle

Meristem at the base of the leaf (grass)

intercalary meristem

Individual plant cells can divide and differentiate into a mature plant

totipotency

Epidermis cells can differentiate into

guard cells, trichomes, pavement cells

ground tissue cells can differentiate into

collenchyma, sclerenchyma, parenchyma

vascular tissues can differentiate into

phloem, xylem

What is the final product of the Calvin Cycle?

PGAL

PGAL cannot make

secondary metabolites

Light energy is absorbed, it increases the energy of

electrons

Heat energy is __% efficient, electrical is __%, chemical is __%

40, 17, 3

The first ETC creates

a proton gradient

Electrons lose \______ when moving through ETC

energy