Organic Chemistry

n-propyl

isopropyl

n-butyl

s-butyl or sec-butyl

isobutyl

tert-butyl

Alkenes have

double bonds, more reactive than alkanes

Alkynes have

triple bonds, most reactive

when hexagon is a parent chain

benzene

when hexagon is a branch

phenyl

Ortho (o-)

beside each other (ex 1,2)

Meta (m-)

1 apart (ex 1,3)

Para (p-)

across (ex 1,4)

Geometric isomers only work for

alkenes (double bonds)

cis

at least 1 pair are on the same side

trans

at least 1 pair is on the opposite side

organic halide

halogen atom attatched on to a hydrocarbon

R—OH

• alcohol

• suffix: -ol

• prefix: hydroxy- (benzene)

• numbering priority

R—halogen

• halide

• prefix: chloro-,bromo-,iodo-, fluoro-

• no numbering priority (branches)

R—O—R

• ethers

• small chain -oxy long chain name

• no numbering priority

• esters

• parent chain ends in -oate

• the other end of the chail ends in -yl like a branch

• Aldehydes

• suffix -al (parent chain)

• numbering starts with this group - do not include in numbering

• Ketones

• suffix -one on the parent chain

• numbering priority (only carbons)

• suffix -oic on parent chan

• numbering priority

R—NH2

• prefix amino-

• give the amino numbering priority

• treat the shorter side of the chain as N instead of a number

• suffix -amide

• numbering priority at the carbonyl group

• dont number the group — it’s always at the end

R—NO2

• prefix nitro-

• no numbering priority

numbering priority

O=C > OH > NH2 > C=C ≥ C≡C

• greater when number tie

which functional groups are always last?

• carboxylic acid, amides, aldehydes

• always at the end, no number when naming

What groups have a acidic pH

carboxylic acids

what groups have basic pH

amines/amides

properties of amines/amides

• makes up protiens

• have fish odour

properties of esters

• fruit and flowery odours

properties of ketones

• peheromones

• other hormones in animals

properties of ethers

• used as solvents for fats and oils

intermolecular forces in increasing strength

LDF < Dipole-dipole < H-bonding

voltality

• how easily a substance evaporates

• the stronger the intermolecular force, the weaker the volatility

solubility (like dissolves like)

• polar solutes will dissolve in polar solvents

• non-polar solutes will dissolve in non-polar solutes

• substances will dissolve better if intermolecular forces match

• size → smaller molecules dissolve better than larger molecules

Addition Reaction

• D.B or T.B are broken

• substituents are added on

what are the 4 types of addition reactions?

1. Halogenation (addition of a triple bond or double bond chain)

2. Hydrogenation (addition of H molecule)

3. Hydrohalogenation

4. Hydration (H2O)

Substitution Reaction

• an atom replaces another atom on a single bond carbon chain

nucleophile definition

species that has lone pairs of electrons or partially negative or negative

What are the two types of substitution reactions?

1. alkyl halide substitution

2. radicals

alkyl halide substition

• a strong base replacing a halide (nucleophilic substitution)

radical substition

• radical is an atom with one electron short of a full shell (very reactive)

• formed from UVlight

Radicals react more with…

higher degree carbons

Elimination reactions

• a strong base is used to remove a substituent (leaving group) and create a double bond

• elimination (opposite of addition) forming adouble bond by removing something

what are the 2 types of elimination?

1. halogen removal

2. dehydration

Teritary and Primary Halide

favours elimination at high temperatures

Secondary Halide

favours elimination with high temperature

dehydration elimination

• loss of a water molecule

• only with alcohols

what are the 2 types of aromatic hydrocarbon reactions?

1. Friedl-Crafts Reaction (electrophilic substitution)

2. Nitro reactions

Friedl-crafts Reaction (electrophilic substitution) Aromatic Hydrocarbon Reactions

• using alkyl halides to add on a benzene ring

• catalysts: AlX, or FeX3

• halogens (or any -ve) atom on a benzene ring never gets subbed

• electrophilic subsititution → meta is the most stable position

electrophilic definition

species that are positive or partially positive

Nitro Reactions Aromatic Hydrocarbon Reactions

• substituting a hydrogen with a nitro group (-NO2) on the benzene ring

what are the 2 types of oxidation reactions?

1. double bond oxidation

2. carboxyl oxidizing

double bond oxidation reaction

• strong OA such as KMnO4, strong [o], unlimited [o], Na2, Cr2O7

• when D.B oxidize, they get cleaved at the D.B and will form ketones or carboxylic acids

oxidation definition

species that lose electrons

organic oxidation definition

species that gain oxygen or more bonds with oxygen

reduction reactions

• hydrogenation can cause carbonyl’s to be reduced with a Pt catalyst

organic reduction reactions

• less oxygens or less bonds to oxygen

what are the 3 types of condensation reactions?

1. esterification

2. ethers

   • alcohol + alcohol

3. amides

   • amine + carboxylic acid