urinary and digestive system

what is the main function of the urinary system?

remove wastes from the blood

where do the nitrogenous wastes come from that need to be filtered from the blood?

body cells/organs

where are the kidneys are ureters located?

behind the peritoneum

What structures move urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, and how are these structures able to move urine?

ureters. Peristalsis and gravity

structure of the bladder

smooth, collapsible, muscular sack

process of voiding the urinary bladder

both sphincters must open. The spinal chord sends a signal to relax the internal urtheral sphincter when a bladder is full (involuntary) we open the voluntary sphincter with relaxation

why is a 1-1.5 year old unable to be potty trained?

they cannot control the external sphincter

function of the reneal capsule

protection

how do the kidneys help to regulate our homeostasis

regulate volume, composition, and pH of blood

how do the kidneys aid in controlling red blood cell production and what organs are the kidneys actually controlling during thsi process?

It secretes erythropoieten. Bone/bone marrow

What activation allows for absorption of minerals

vitamin D which the kidneys produce

why is urine sometimes more clean than other times?

water levels

how does the kidneys work with the cardiovascular system to regulate blood pressure

secrete enzyme renin to help maintain blood pressure

what is the function of the renal artery

carries blood to the kidney from the aorta

what is the function of the renal vein

carry blood away from the kidney from the vena cava

what fluid is in the renal pelvis and where will it go from there?

urine. ureters

what is a nephron?

structural and functional units of the kidneys (filter mineral from blood and form urine)

what things are normal to be found in urine?

water, phenol, urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, sodium/electrolytes

what things are not normal to be found in urine?

blood, protein, glucose, nitrites, ketones

what could happen if you don’t properly treat a bladder/uti

pee backs up in the kidneys and can make your blood toxic and kill you

what is a kidney dialysis?

the process of a machine filtering blood when your kidneys don’t work

ingestion

getting food into the mouth/digestive system

peristalsis

altering waves of contraction to propel food forward through the digestive tract

mechanical digestion includes what two components?

mastication and segmentation

what is mastication?

chewing food and forming a bolus

what is a bolus?

a ball of mashed up food

what is segmentation

moving minerals back and forth to aid in mixing and forming chyme

chemical digestion

ENZYMES break down food molecules into their building blocks

how does absorption work?

nutrients obtained during during digestion must be absorbed by epithelial cells of the wall of the intestines and then into blood capillaries in order to be delivered by cells and used by the body’s cells for metabolism (atp and cellular work)

defecation

elimination of indigestible substances as feces

what do accessory organs do?

aid in digestion in some way, but food doesn’t pass through them

what are examples of accessory organs

teeth, tongue, uvula, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder

alimentary

food passes through them

alimentary examples

mouth, esophagus, small intestine, rectum, pharynx, stomach, large intestine, anus

what is the alimentary canal?

continuous 30 foot long hollow tube through which food passes

function of pancreas

digestive role: produces many digestive enzymes to break down all food groups and deliver them to the small intestine

hormonal role: produces insulin and glucagon that regulates blood sugar

what does insulin do?

it’s released after eating when blood sugar goes up so it can go back down

function of the liver

largest gland in the body than detoxifies drugs and alc. It breaks down hormones, produces bile and delivers it to the small intestine that then uses it to break down lipids. It stores glucose in the form of glycogen, produces many blood proteins and hormone.

gall bladder function

stores bile

how does the pancreas and liver lower blood sugar (after eating)

The pancreas secretes insulin, which stimulates the liver to absorb glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen

how does the pancreas and liver elevate blood sugar

The pancreas releases glucagon, instructing the liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis) and release it into the bloodstream.

mouth

mastication (chewing), salivary amylase breaks carbs/starches into sugar (enzymes are from the salivary glands), allows tatse, allows deglutition

what is deglutition

moving solids or liquids from the mouth to the stomach

pharynx

passageway

esophagus

peristalsis (propels food)

stomach

mechanical/segemntation mechanical digestion (forming bolus, formation of chyme), proteins get turned into amino acids, hydrocloric acid kills bacteria and activates enzymes. The Rugae is the folds of the stomach that allows expansion, and ulcers is bacteria formation.

small intestine

all nutrients are chemically changed.. enzymes are from liver, gall bladder, pancreas, and the small intestine itself. segmentation for mixing chyme with digestive enzymes. Only sight of nutrient absorption. Only organ you find villi and microvilli for absorption.

large intestine

absorb water, e. coli lives in colon digeststs bits of colon that our body couldn’t, makes vitamin k and b, slow peristalsis

rectum

storage tank for feces

anus

removes feces