organic quest 2/preparation for achieve

delocalization

act of spreading electrons in a molecule

what is resonance

delocalization of electrons and as a result has an unknown structure

resonance structure

a compound which has resonance

what are three rules of resonance

must be a valid lewis structure, equivalent contributors contribute equally

5 rules to draw resonance contributors

1. only electrons move

2. pi electrons and lone pair electrons move

3. no new electrons

4. sp3 carbon does not accept any

5. do not break sp3 bonds

how many curved arrows at a time per resonance structure

2 curved arrows: 4 electrons

in what two ways do electrons move in resonance

from pi bond to neighboring position, from an atom to make a pi bond

explain oces for major resonance contributors

1. octet rule

2. minimizing formal charges

3. electronegativity winning

   1. charge separation

how to measure stability in resonance structures

the more resonance structures, the more stable the molecule is

5 instances to consider resonance

atom with a positive charge or less than octet, atom with a negative charge, benzene, pi bond near diff electronegativities, unshared pair of electrons

conjugation meaning

electrons are able to be shared

4 things to find in a resonance structure

hybrid, resonance, major, change

a large Ka means

a strong acid with full dissociation

bronstead lowry acid

proton donor

the lower the pka the…

stronger the acid

what is the pKa of carboxylic acid

pka=5

draw the difference between a phenol and a phenyl

phenol has an alcohol with a benzene ring

name the six strong acids

HI, HBr, HCl, HClO4 perchloric acid, H2SO4, HNO3 nitric acid

what is the pka of HI

-10

pka of Hbr

-9

pka of HCl

pka=-7

pka of hclO4

-7p

pka of h2so4

-5

pka of hno3

-1.3

bronsted acid base reactions

a base donates electrons to hydrogen of acid (proton transfer

what does a bronstead acid base reaction produce

a salt

for a bronstead acid base reaction, which direction does equilibrium favor

equilibrium favors formation of weaker acid and base pair

what two things to identify in an acid base reaction

identify the acids and their conjugate bases

base strength measured by

pKb but normally measured by the strength of the pka of the conjugate acid

the stronger the acid…..

the weaker the conjugate base

ammonium is the conjugate acid of

an aminew

what is the pka of ammonium

10