Social Cognitive Theory, TTM, TPB, SEM, and Personality Traits in Health Behavior

Social cognitive theory (SCT)

Explains that physical activity is driven by reciprocal interaction between personal factors, environmental influences, and behavioural outcomes

self efficacy

our belief in our ability to do something

What does Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) consider in learning?

The influence of social interactions and the environment on learning.

How does SCT recognize people learn?

By observing others.

Why is SCT considered more flexible and realistic?

It applies to a wide range of situations such as schools, workplaces, and homes.

What is a con of Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) regarding biological factors?

It might underestimate the role of biological factors in behaviour, such as genetics or brain power.

What is a challenge in measuring interactions in SCT?

It can be hard to measure interactions between personal, behavioural, and environmental factors.

What is a limitation of interventions based on SCT?

Interventions may have fixed prescriptions that do not account for individual differences.

How might SCT interventions be less effective?

Programs targeting only the individual may be less effective than those intervening on multiple levels.

What does SCT fail to account for in individual experiences?

It does not account for individual daily experiences such as mood and fatigue.

Transtheoretical Model

Measures behaviour changes within a specific point in time.

TTMs stages of change

Pre-contemplation, contemplation, determinism, active change, maintenance, relapse

What does TTM acknowledge about interventions?

Interventions need to use different strategies to match the individual's level of readiness.

How should interventions approach individuals according to TTM?

Interventions should approach the individual with messages that are sensitive to where the person is.

Why is TTM considered more efficacious than a one-size-fits-all approach?

Because it tailors strategies to the individual's level of readiness.

cons of TTM

- It can be hard to tell what stage a person is in.

- People's thoughts and actions do not always fit neatly into one category

- Not everyone moves through stages in the same order - some people skip stages, which the model does not explain

- The model focuses mostly on individual choices and does not consider outside factors like the environment, support systems or barriers that can make it harder

Theory of planned behaviour

intentions are the product of individuals' attitudes toward a particular behaviour, and their perceptions of what is normative regarding the behaviour.

Pros of TPB

useful in predicting behaviours

cons of TPB

- Most behaviours involve a degree of practical constraint outside of individual control

- Doesn't include other behavioural factors like emotions

- Doesn't tell you what action to take

Social ecological model

it takes a combination of both individual-level and environmental/policy-level interventions to achieve substantial changes in health behaviours.

Levels of SEM

Individual, social environment, physical environment, policy

cons of SEM

it can be hard to address multiple levels of influence

Health belief model

The model focuses on how individuals perceive health threats and decide to act based on the value they place on a particular goal and the likelihood that actions taken to achieve that goal will achieve it.

perceived susceptibility

- assessing the probability of encountering an undesirable outcome

- belief regarding their risk of developing a health condition due to inactivity

perceived severity

understanding the severity of the perceived outcome

percieved benefits

how the effectiveness of various available actions to reduce the risk of illness is perceived

perceived barriers

obstacles to performing a recommended health action

cues to action

stimuli that initiate the decision-making process to embrace a recommended health intervention

cons to HBM

- may overemphasise cognitive constructs

- limited predictive power

What is a con of Self-Determination Theory (SDT) regarding its initial application?

It was initially developed for other behaviors, and physical activity may differ in important ways that require modification of existing models.

What is a limitation of early research on Self-Determination Theory (SDT)?

Much of the early research was conducted on majority populations, and the applicability of these models to diverse demographic groups is still unclear.

What is a methodological issue in studies examining Self-Determination Theory (SDT)?

Studies have typically examined a single model rather than directly comparing models, preventing definitive conclusions about relative efficacy.

psycho somatic

How does what we think and feel affected our physical function or our desire to participate in physical activity

somatic psychic

How does the body's activity affect how we think and feel - what are the benefits of physical activity for mental health

psychological benefits of exercise

distraction from negative thoughts, enhances serotonin, improves sleep quality, improves self-esteem

4 types extrinsic motivation

1. integrated regulation

2. identified regulation

3. introjected regulation

4. external regulation

integrated regulation

behaviours are performed because they align with personal beliefs and values

identified regulation

Behaviour performed because of the valued benefits

introjected regulation

Behaviours are performed out of feelings of guilt or in pursuit of contingent self worth

external regulation

behaviours carried out to attain tangible rewards, social approval, or to avoid punishment

disposition traits

handful of traits that explain the foundation to which we are built

Openness to experience

a disposition trait about How curious, broad-minded, or comfortable are you with change?

Conscientiousness

a disposition trait about how disciplined, focused, organised, and hardworking you are.

extraversion

a disposition trait: are you gregarious, outgoing, spontaneous, or socially dominant?

agreeableness

a disposition trait: are you humble, altruistic, and a very nice and caring person?

neuroticism

a disposition trait: to what degree are you anxious, sad, or distressed?

traits of conscientiousness in regard to physical exercise

- increased reported exercise

- highly adaptive exercise patterns

- advanced exercise stages

What are the traits of extraversion in regard to moderate and strenuous exercise behaviors?

Extraversion is associated with moderate and strenuous exercise behaviors.

How does extraversion affect reported exercise levels?

Extraverts report increased levels of exercise.

What type of exercise patterns are associated with extraversion?

Extraversion is linked to highly adaptive exercise patterns.

What is the chance of exercise dependence in extraverts?

Extraverts have a higher chance of exercise dependence.

What traits are associated with neuroticism regarding physical exercise

- low levels of exercise adherence

- not as good as overcoming barriers to exercise

- chance of exercise dependence

what are the six sources of information predicting self efficacy

1. actual performance accomplishments

2. vicarious experiences

3. verbal/social persuasion

4. imaginal experiences

5. physiological states

6. emotional states

what does RE-AIM stand for

- reach

- effectiveness

- adoption

- implementation

- maintenance

Reach

is the intervention reaching the target population on a larger scale

effectiveness

how will you demonstrate effectiveness or measure impact

adoption

how many sites are going to adopt it

implementation

how do you ensure that the intervention is delivered properly

maintanance

What do you need to do to generate sustainability