Saladin Chapter 6 & 5: Integument & Tissues Review for Anatomy

What are the layers of the skin?

The layers of the skin are the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

What is thick skin and where is it found?

Thick skin has a thicker epidermis and is found on areas such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

What is thin skin and where is it found?

Thin skin has a thinner epidermis and is found on most of the body, including the face and arms.

What are some functions of the skin?

Functions of the skin include protection, sensation, temperature regulation, and synthesis of vitamin D.

What is a stem cell?

A stem cell is a type of undifferentiated cell that can give rise to various cell types.

What is a keratinocyte?

A keratinocyte is a skin cell that produces keratin, a protein that helps protect the skin.

What is a melanocyte?

A melanocyte is a cell that produces melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color.

What is a tactile cell?

A tactile cell, or Merkel cell, is involved in the sensation of touch.

What is a dendritic cell?

A dendritic cell is an immune cell that helps detect pathogens and activate the immune response.

What is the stratum basale?

The stratum basale is the deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are generated.

What is the stratum spinosum?

The stratum spinosum is the layer above the stratum basale, providing strength and flexibility to the skin.

What is the stratum granulosum?

The stratum granulosum is the layer where keratinocytes begin to die and keratin is produced.

What is the stratum lucidum?

The stratum lucidum is a clear layer found only in thick skin, providing an extra layer of protection.

What is the stratum corneum?

The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead keratinized cells.

What is melanin?

Melanin is a pigment produced by melanocytes that gives skin its color.

What is hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen and contributes to skin color.

What is carotene?

Carotene is a yellow-orange pigment found in certain foods that can affect skin color.

What is cyanosis?

Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin due to low oxygen levels in the blood.

What is erythema?

Erythema is redness of the skin caused by increased blood flow, often due to inflammation.

What is pallor?

Pallor is an abnormal paleness of the skin, often due to reduced blood flow or anemia.

What is albinism?

Albinism is a genetic condition characterized by a lack of melanin, resulting in very light skin and hair.

What is jaundice?

Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin and eyes due to an excess of bilirubin in the blood.

What is a hematoma?

A hematoma is a localized collection of blood outside of blood vessels, often due to injury.

What is a friction ridge?

A friction ridge is a raised line on the skin that helps with grip and is unique to each individual.

What is a flexion line?

A flexion line is a crease in the skin that corresponds to a joint, allowing for movement.

What is a freckle?

A freckle is a small, concentrated spot of melanin on the skin, often more visible in sunlight.

What is a mole?

A mole is a growth on the skin that can be flat or raised, usually brown or black.

What is a hemangioma?

A hemangioma is a benign tumor made up of blood vessels, often appearing as a red or purple mark.

What are the three types of hair?

The three types of hair are lanugo (fine hair on fetuses), vellus (fine body hair), and terminal (thick, coarse hair).

What is a pilus?

A pilus is a hair or hair-like structure.

What is a dermal papilla?

A dermal papilla is a small, nipple-like projection in the dermis that nourishes hair follicles.

What is the matrix of hair?

The matrix is the tissue at the base of the hair follicle where hair growth occurs.

What is the bulb of hair?

The bulb is the rounded part at the base of the hair follicle that contains the hair root.

What is the medulla of hair?

The medulla is the innermost layer of the hair shaft, often absent in fine hair.

What is the cortex of hair?

The cortex is the middle layer of the hair shaft that provides strength and color.

What is the cuticle of hair?

The cuticle is the outer layer of the hair shaft, consisting of overlapping cells.

What is a hair follicle?

A hair follicle is a structure in the skin that surrounds the root of a hair.

What is the arrector pili muscle?

The arrector pili muscle is a small muscle attached to hair follicles that causes hair to stand up.

What is the free edge of a nail?

The free edge is the part of the nail that extends beyond the fingertip.

What is the body of a nail?

The body is the visible part of the nail that covers the nail bed.

What is the root of a nail?

The root is the part of the nail that is embedded in the skin.

What is the nail fold?

The nail fold is the skin that overlaps the sides of the nail.

What is the nail groove?

The nail groove is the indentation in the skin where the nail grows.

What is the nail bed?

The nail bed is the skin beneath the nail plate.

What is the hyponychium?

The hyponychium is the area of skin under the free edge of the nail.

What is the lunule?

The lunule is the white crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail.

What is the eponychium?

The eponychium is the cuticle that overlaps the base of the nail.

What are sweat glands?

Sweat glands are glands in the skin that produce sweat to help regulate body temperature.

What is an apocrine sweat gland?

An apocrine sweat gland produces a milky, odoriferous sweat, often found in the armpits and groin.

What is an eccrine (merocrine) sweat gland?

An eccrine sweat gland produces a watery, odorless sweat and is found all over the body.

What are sebaceous glands?

Sebaceous glands are glands that secrete oily sebum to lubricate the skin and hair.

What are ceruminous glands?

Ceruminous glands are specialized sweat glands in the ear that produce earwax.

What are mammary glands?

Mammary glands are specialized glands that produce milk in females.

What is basal cell carcinoma?

Basal cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that originates in the basal cells of the epidermis.

What is squamous cell carcinoma?

Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that arises from squamous cells in the epidermis.

What is malignant melanoma?

Malignant melanoma is a serious type of skin cancer that develops from melanocytes.

What are first-degree burns?

First-degree burns affect only the outer layer of skin, causing redness and minor pain.

What are second-degree burns?

Second-degree burns affect both the outer layer and the underlying layer of skin, causing blisters and pain.

What are third-degree burns?

Third-degree burns damage all layers of skin and may affect underlying tissues, often requiring medical treatment.

What is a tissue?

A tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

The extracellular matrix is a network of proteins and other molecules that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.

What is ground substance?

Ground substance is the non-cellular material in the ECM that fills the space between cells and fibers.

What is ectoderm?

Ectoderm is the outermost layer of embryonic tissue that develops into the skin and nervous system.

What is endoderm?

Endoderm is the innermost layer of embryonic tissue that develops into the lining of the digestive tract and other organs.

What is mesoderm?

Mesoderm is the middle layer of embryonic tissue that develops into muscles, bones, and the circulatory system.

What are the basic functions of epithelial tissue?

Basic functions of epithelial tissue include protection, absorption, secretion, and sensation.

What is a basement membrane?

The basement membrane is a thin layer of extracellular matrix that anchors epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue.

What is the basal surface of epithelial tissue?

The basal surface is the bottom layer of epithelial cells that faces the basement membrane.

What is the apical surface of epithelial tissue?

The apical surface is the top layer of epithelial cells that faces the body surface or lumen.

What is the lateral surface of epithelial tissue?

The lateral surface is the side of epithelial cells that faces adjacent cells.

What is simple epithelium?

Simple epithelium is a single layer of cells that allows for easy diffusion and absorption.

What is stratified epithelium?

Stratified epithelium consists of multiple layers of cells, providing protection against abrasion.

What is squamous epithelium?

Squamous epithelium is made up of flat, scale-like cells.

What is cuboidal epithelium?

Cuboidal epithelium consists of cube-shaped cells, often involved in secretion and absorption.

What is columnar epithelium?

Columnar epithelium is composed of tall, column-like cells, often found in the digestive tract.

What are fibroblasts?

Fibroblasts are cells that produce collagen and other fibers in connective tissue.

What are macrophages?

Macrophages are immune cells that engulf and digest pathogens and debris.

What are monocytes?

Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that can differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells.

What are leukocytes?

Leukocytes are white blood cells that are part of the immune system.

What are erythrocytes?

Erythrocytes are red blood cells that transport oxygen throughout the body.

What are mast cells?

Mast cells are immune cells that release histamine and play a role in allergic reactions.

What are adipocytes?

Adipocytes are fat cells that store energy in the form of fat.

What is collagen?

Collagen is a protein that provides strength and structure to connective tissues.

What is elastic fiber?

Elastic fibers are proteins that allow tissues to stretch and return to their original shape.

What is reticular fiber?

Reticular fibers are thin, branched fibers that form a supportive network in tissues.

What is compact bone?

Compact bone is dense bone tissue that provides strength and support.

What is spongy bone?

Spongy bone is lighter, less dense bone tissue that contains red bone marrow.

What is an osteon?

An osteon is the basic structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric rings of bone matrix.

What is an osteocyte?

An osteocyte is a mature bone cell that maintains bone tissue.

What are canaliculi?

Canaliculi are tiny channels in bone that allow for communication and nutrient exchange between osteocytes.

What is the periosteum?

The periosteum is a dense layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of bones.

What is a neuron?

A neuron is a nerve cell that transmits electrical signals throughout the body.

What is neuroglia?

Neuroglia are supportive cells in the nervous system that protect and assist neurons.

What is a neurosoma?

A neurosoma is the cell body of a neuron, containing the nucleus and organelles.

What is a dendrite?

A dendrite is a branching extension of a neuron that receives signals from other neurons.

What is an axon?

An axon is a long, slender projection of a neuron that transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body.

What is a tight junction?

A tight junction is a type of cell junction that prevents the passage of materials between cells.

What is a desmosome?

A desmosome is a cell junction that provides mechanical strength by anchoring cells together.

What is a hemidesmosome?

A hemidesmosome is a junction that anchors epithelial cells to the basement membrane.

What is a gap junction?

A gap junction is a cell junction that allows for communication and transfer of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells.