HLSC 2P96 Final Exam

The __________ consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Central nervous system (CNS)

The adult spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the inferior border of the __________.

L1 vertebra

Which of the following describes a filum terminale?

All of the listed responses are correct

Where are the denticulate ligaments located?

pia mater

What is the outermost covering of the spinal cord and brain?

dura mater

How many pairs of spinal nerves are associated with the cervical vertebrae?

7

The arachnoid mater consists of simple squamous epithelium and is separated from the pia mater by which of the following?

Subarachnoid space

The projections of gray matter toward the outer surface of the spinal cord are called __________.

horns

Which white mater columns are between the posterior gray horns and the posterior median sulcus?

Posterior white columns

Which gray horns contain neurons concerned with somatic motor control?

Anterior gray horns

Which of the following statements about spinal contusion is true?

It is hemorrhage occurring in the meninges and within the spinal cord as a result of whiplash or falls

Which spinal segment of the cervical plexus innervates the skin of the upper chest, shoulder, neck, and ear?

C2-C3

Which nerve of the brachial plexus innervates the serratus anterior muscle?

long thoracic nerve

Which nerve of the lumbar plexus innervates the adductor muscles of the hip, the gracilis muscle, and skin over the medial surface of the thigh?

Obturator nerve

Which nerve of the sacral plexus innervates the skin of the perineum and the posterior surface of the thigh and leg?

posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

Which nerve plexus innervates the pectoral girdle and upper limbs?

brachial plexus

Place in order the following steps of a stretch reflex.

1.activation of a motor neuron

2.arrival of stimulus and activation of the receptor

3.response by effector

4.information processing in the CNS

5.

activation of a sensory neuron

4, 1, 5, 3, 2

Which type of reflex is genetically determined?

innate reflex

Place in order the following steps of the stretch reflex.

1.stimulus

2.information processing at a motor neuron

3.response

4.activation of a sensory neuron

5.activation of motor neuron

1, 3, 5, 2, 4

Which type of reflex controls the actions of smooth and cardiac muscles and the actions of glands?

visceral reflex

The spinal meninges surround the dorsal and ventral roots within the intervertebral foramina.

true

Which of the following is an example of a reflex classification based on the nature of the resulting motor response?

autonomic, visceral, and somatic reflexes

Regarding gross anatomy of the spinal cord, which of the following structures supplies/supply nerves to the pectoral girdle?

cervical enlargement

Which nerve of the lumbar plexus is responsible for supplying the abdominal muscles (external and internal obliques and transversus abdominis) and the skin over the inferior abdomen and buttocks?

iliohypogastric nerve

Where is cerebrospinal fluid found?

in the subarachnoid space

Which of the following statements regarding the stretch reflex is/are true?

All the listed statements are true.

Within the brachial plexus, all three posterior divisions of the trunks unite to form the posterior cord, and the anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks unite to form the _________

lateral cord

Which structure of the spinal cord contains axons crossing from one side of the cord to the other before reaching a destination within the gray matter?

gray commissure

The median nerve of the brachial plexus supplies the flexor muscles of the arm, including the biceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles.

false

Reflexes classified by development as being genetically determined are called ___________, in contrast to acquired reflexes, which are learned.

innate reflexes

Which of the spinal meninges consist(s) of a layer of dense, irregular connective tissue with an epithelial covering on both inner and outer surfaces?

dura mater

The brachial plexus consists of which spinal nerve segments?

C5-T1

Which of the following is a structure of the rami communicantes that supplies postganglionic fibers to smooth muscles and glands of the body wall and limbs?

gray ramus

Regarding the rami communicantes, the gray ramus is typically distal to the white ramus and includes unmyelinated postganglionic fibers.

false

Which structure of the spinal cord contains somatic and visceral sensory nuclei?

posterior (dorsal) gray horn

Which of the following statements regarding nerve plexuses is FALSE?

They exist where dorsal rami are converging and branching to form compound nerves.

White and gray rami communicantes are found only in spinal nerve segments _________

T1-L2

Which connective tissue covering of a peripheral nerve is composed of collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and fibrocytes and divides the nerve into a series of fascicles?

perineurium

Spinal cord tracts show a regional organization comparable to that found in the nuclei of the gray matter of the cord.

True

Which nerve of the brachial plexus supplies the rhomboid and levator scapulae muscles?

dorsal scapular nerve

Regarding the sacral plexus, as the __________ nerve approaches the popliteal fossa, it divides to form two branches: the common fibular nerve and the tibial nerve

sciatic

Spinal nerves are classified as __________ because they contain both afferent and efferent fibers

mixed nerves

Match the spinal segments of the lumbar and sacral plexuses with the associated nerve.

1. S2-S4

2. L2-L4

3. L4-S3

4. S1-S3

5. L1, L2

1. pudendal nerve

2. obturator nerve

3. sciatic nerve

4. posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

5. genitofemoral nerve

The distribution of the sensory fibers within which of the following structures illustrates the segmental division of dermatomes supplied by the spinal cord?

dorsal and ventral rami

The __________ consists of muscular and cutaneous branches of the ventral rami of spinal nerve C1-C4, and some nerve fibers of C5.

cervical plexus

The neural "wiring' of a reflex is called a __________, which begins at a receptor and ends at a peripheral effector, such as a muscle or gland cell.

reflex arc

Every spinal segment is associated with a pair of _______ that contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons.

dorsal root ganglia

The __________ of each spinal nerve provides sensory innervation from, and motor innervation to, a specific segment of the skin and muscles of the neck and back.

dorsal ramus

Specialized membranes collectively known as the ________provide protection, physical stability, and shock absorption for the spinal cord.

spinal meninges

Which of the following statements regarding the endoneurium is FALSE?

None of the listed responses is false.

The lumbar plexus is formed by the ventral rami of which spinal segments?

T12-L4

Which of the following correctly describes the distribution of the spinal nerves?

8 cervical spinal nerves; 12 thoracic spinal nerves; 5 lumbar spinal nerves; 5 sacral spinal nerves; 1 coccygeal spinal nerve

Which nerve of the cervical plexus innervates the diaphragm?

phrenic nerve

Which structure(s) is/are (an) extension(s) of the spinal pia mater that originate(s) along either side of the spinal cord, between the ventral and dorsal roots?

denticulate ligaments

Which of the following statements regarding the dura mater of the spinal cord is/areFALSE?

The outer epithelium is bound to the bony walls of the vertebral canal; AND the epidural space contains blood vessels and dense connective tissue, as well as adipose tissue.

Which of the following is/are considered somatic reflexes?

superficial and stretch reflexes; AND control of skeletal muscle contractions

Regarding organization of the spinal cord, what is found on either side between the anterior and posterior funiculi?

lateral white columns

Reflexes can be classified according to _______________.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Regarding sensory fibers in spinal nerves, information flows into the ventral ramus from _______________.

interoceptors, exteroceptors, and proprioceptors of the body wall and the limbs

The brachial plexus....

all of the above

The middle layer of connective tissue that surrounds each peripheral nerve is...

perineurium

The expanded area of the spinal cord that supplies nerves to the pectoral girdle and upper limbs is the

cervical enlargement

Spinal nerves are called mixed nerves because

they contain sensory and motor fibers

The gray matter of the spinal cord is dominated by

cell bodies of neurons and neuroglia

The _____ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament

filum terminale

Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the

gray commissures

The paired structures that contain cell bodies of sensory neurons and are associated with each segment of the spinal cord are the _______

dorsal root ganglia

The deep crease on the anterior surface of the spinal cord is the

anterior median fissure

What nerve is likely to transmit pain when a person receives an intramuscular injection into the deltoid region of the arm?

upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm

Which of the following actions would be compromised if a person suffered an injury to the lumbar spinal segments L3 and L4?

all of the above

Tingling and numbness in the palmar region of the hand could be caused by

compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel

The basic mechanisms that are responsible for the exchange of materials across the walls of capillaries and sinusoids include all of the following EXCEPT __________.

diffusion through the pores in arterioles and venules

Which type of vein collects blood directly from the capillaries?

venule

Which of the following does NOT help in distinguishing an artery from a vein?

Veins have a pleated appearance from endothelium.

A __________ is a band of smooth muscle that guards the entrance to each capillary and the diameter of the capillary entrance by reducing or stopping the flow of blood.

precapillary sphincter

Which type of blood vessel transports oxygen-rich blood to the body's skeletal muscle and internal organs?

muscular arteries

Which vessel below gives blood to the right thyrocervical truck?

right subclavian artery

Which vessel does NOT arise off the aortic arch?

left brachiocephalic artery

Which vessel(s) supplies/supply blood to the thumb and the fingers?

digital arteries

Which of the following vessels does NOT receive blood from the celiac trunk?

superior mesenteric artery

Which arteries originate between the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries?

gonadal arteries

The deep palmar veins drain into the radial vein and ulnar vein, and then those veins, along with the anterior crural interosseous vein, drain into which vein?

brachial vein

Which vein forms the major tributary of the superior vena cava by joining the superior vena cava at the level of the T2 vertebra?

azygos vein

The basilar artery normally supplies the arteries of the anterior half of the cerebrum, and the rest of the brain receives blood from the posterior cerebral arteries.

false

Which of the following vessels do NOT have valves?

large veins

The media of which vessels contain a high density of elastic fibers and smooth muscle fibers?

elastic arteries

The blood pressure within the pulmonary circuit is relatively low, and the walls of pulmonary arteries are thinner than those of systemic arteries.

true

Which of the following is NOT considered to be an arterial trunk?

mesenteric trunk

The azygos vein is the major tributary of which of the following vessels?

the superior vena cava

The carotid sinus contains baroreceptors and chemoreceptors involved in cardiovascular regulation.

True

Which of the following unpaired arterial vessels supplies the pancreas?

superior mesenteric artery

The total blood volume is evenly distributed among arteries, veins, and capillaries

false

Which of the following tributaries of the superior vena cava collects blood from the cranium, spinal cord, and vertebrae?

vertebral vein

Arteries called collaterals can fuse to form an __________ connecting one artery directly to another.

arterial anastomosis

All of the following structures are typically branches of the aortic arch EXCEPT __________.

right common carotid artery

How many pulmonary veins typically exist in the human?

four

Direct connections between arterioles and venules are known as __________.

arteriovenous anastomoses

Which of the following statements regarding blood vessel distribution is FALSE?

Arteries and veins rarely make anastomotic connections that reduce the impact of temporary or permanent vessel occlusion.

Which of the following does NOT offer a way to distinguish arteries from veins in histological sections?

When not opposed by blood pressure, venous walls contract.

If serious hemorrhaging occurs, the vasomotor center of the __________ stimulates sympathetic nerves innervating smooth muscle cells in the walls of __________, resulting in venoconstriction.

medulla oblongata; medium-sized veins