ERCI - Cluster 2

Density

The relationship between the intensity of incident light falling on one side of a processed film and intensity of the light transmitted through the film is ameasure of radiographic

3.0 density units

Which of the density readings taken from the densitomers is out of the acceptable range

Detail (exposure/density dapat)

An increase of atleast 30% in mAsis required to produced significant increase in

MAs

An increase of film density results from an increase in

Bone

Which of the following is the most opaque?

A 6-in OFD

When a Technologist is radiographing a PA chest, using an air gap technique which of the following would used?

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following will affect have a dramatic effect on a radiographic contrast?

A change in grid ratio

A change in kilovoltage (15%)

A decrease in field size

Long scale contrast

A radiograph that demonstrate numerous shades of similar densities is reffered to asfilm with

Contrast

Increasing the OFD will mngnify the image and increase the

Decreased detail

When going from medium speed to a high screen, thee will be a decrease in an amount of exposure and

Radiographic ccontrast

The TONAL relationship between one density and another constitutes the

200 Ma, h s, 85kvp

Which of the following radiographictechniques would be produce a radiograph with longest contrast?

84 in

In order toproduce 2x magnification for a craniumin the lateral position with an FFD at 40 in OFD should be

Penumbra

The geometric unsharpness (UG)of margins in a radiograph image to as the

Umbra

Penumbra

Edge gradient

using a compression device

Which of the following is the method of producing motion and decreasing the effects of tissue?

OFD

Which of the following is the major cause of the magnification?

high kvp

Which of the following conditions is unrelated to a high incidence of penumbra?

OFD

Size distortion when increases when fouincrease the

mAs

Penumbra can be lessen by increasing the

A larger heart size

A supine chest taken in 40 in SID will demonstrate?

high kVp

Which of the following conditions is not related to a high incidence of penumbra?

involuntary

Which type of motion usually present when a seriously injured patients is radiograph?

immobilzation of the body part

Which of the following is unrelated to recorded detail?

non-screen film

Which of the following is detrimental to recorded detail?

greater the recorded detail (or spatial resolution) / lower tube capacity

The smaller the effective focal spot the

kVp (affect: OFD, FSS, SID, motion, screen speed, screenfilm contact)

Which of the following does not affect image sharpness or recorded detail?

wavelength used

Definition is directly influenced by the

fogging

Shorter exposure time increases

size of the tube focal spot

Which of the following exerts the greatest control on radiographic definition

motion

Radiographic definition is lost when a film demonstrate excessive

1000 mA , 1/100 sec.

Which of the following combination of milliamperage and time would be ideal for an uncooperative irrational patient recquiring a KUB?

600mA , 2/5 seconds

Which of the following Radiographic techniques would produce the greatest quantity of photons

3/10 seconds (0.6s if kvp compensation is done)

A technique of 200 mA , 3/20 seconds at 110 kVp could properly be converted to a technique of 100 mA, 94 kV at how many seconds?

1/4th seconds (1/8 second is kvp compensation is done)

An original technique of 200mA 1/2seconds and 75kV may be adjusted to 400mA , 80kV at how many seconds?

2/25 seconds

If the milliamperage selector where set at 1000mA, what exposure time would be required to produce 80mAs?

300mA , 2/5 seconds

Which of the following techniques would produce the greatest amount of radiographic density?

92 kV

A technique of 100 mA, 1/2 sec convert to an equivalent mAs at 500 mA , 2 secs at how many kilovolts to maintain the density?

400mA, 3/20 sec

Which technique would produce most density?

1/5 sec

At which of the following exposure times does 200 mA at 1/2 sec convert to an equivalent mAs at 500 mA?

Filtration

Which of the following is not a factor in controlling the exposure rate of an x-ray beam?

1/20 sec

If the milliampere was set at 300 and the mAs produced was 15, the exposure would be

7kV

If the kilovoltage were at 46 kV , how much of a minimum change would have to occur in order to produce a noticeable increase in density?

80 kV

To convert, maintaining the same density, the technique of non grid, 60 mAs, 70 kVp, 80-in FFD to 6:1 grid, 22.5 mAs, 40 in FFD, how many kilovolts would be required?

80 Kv

If the standard is 300 mA , 1/20 sec, 80 kVp, the adjustment should be 75 mA, 1/5 sec and how many kilovolts?

density

The intensification factor of the screens refers to their?

reticulation

High relative humidity will decrease?

65 Kv

The KV required to penetrate an adult skull adequately is approximately?

psoas muscle

Which of the following anatomic parts would attenuate the most radiation?

atrophy

A decrease in kilovoltage is required for?

remove fixing solution

The purpose of the fixing agent is to?

potassium hydroxide

The hardener in the fixing solution is?

over replenishment of the fixer

Which of the following DOES NOT greatly affect imaging quality but is expensive?

overflow

What solution is carried over the top of the tanks into a wire to a drain?

replenishment

What system that keeps the solution at proper strength and extending solution life?

heat exchanger

Which of the following does not include the replenishment system

50

In the department without a central replenishment facility, developer and fixer replenishment tank up to how how many gallons of each solutions?

hydroquinone

What developing agent helps to provide upper scale density?

phenidone

What developing agent helps to provide intermediate densities?

hydroxide

What agent is the activator in the developer or a source of alkali?

every three months

What is the advisable time/period change processing solutions in an automatic processors?

sensitometer

What device is used to evaluate the sensitometric readings from the processed image?

dark green

What filter is available for photo-flourographic and cine-flourographic panchromatic films?

pi lines

What artifacts caused by raisednick on roller scratching film as it passes by?

emulsion

What is the flexible support of the emulsion?

Base

What is the very good vehicle for the silver coumpound?

1, 2 and 3

Which of the following devices are employed to reduced patient exposure to x-rays:

1. Grids

2. Collimators

3. Filters

absorbed more soft x-ray

A 16:1 grid compared to an 8:1 grid will

grid ratio

Which of the following has a direct effect on the efficiency of a bucky grid in removing scattered radiation?

secondary

Unabsorbed radiation is also called?

8:1

A grid has a lead strip of 0.25mm apart and high will have a ratio of?

linear

Which type of grid has lead lines running only in one direction?

amplitude

Which of the following terms does not apply to grid?

patient from scattered radiation

The use of grid will protect the?

high-density spot

Barium sulfate on the film surface of a cassette would cause an artifact that would appear as a?

skull

The anode heel effect is an important consideration when taking radiographs of the:

Shorter wavelength rays

Aluminum filtration modifies the x-ray beam by removing most of the?

1/5

An increase in filtration from 1mm Al to 3mm Al will reduce the skin exposure rate dose?

Decreased by 2 min

When non screen films is used, the developing time is?

on end

In order to prevent pressure marks, x-ray film should stored

sodium sulphite/sulfite

The silver halide latent image is produced by?

Sodium thiosulfate

The manifest image is composed of?

barium platinocyanide

Which of the following substances does not emit light when bombarded by x-rays?

potassium-bromide crystals

The visible image is composed of:

lower mAs values

High speed film and intensifying screens enable the use of

Decreased definition

Poor film screen contact results in?

Film speed

Which of the following does NOT influence the basic fog level of radiographic film?

Dirty rollers

What is the cause of abrasion?

1, 2, and 3

The condition of osteolysis requires:

The use of a large focal spot

A decrease in exposure factors

The utilization of a high ratio grid

42 mas

350 ma and 120 mn providing

tube is not perpendicular to the grid

When using bucky with a focused grid, if the lateral edges of the film loss density, it is an indication that the________.

high mas

Type of grid that is NOT grid placement error

osteomalacia

A decreased kilovoltage is required for________.

number of lead strip per centimetre

Grid frequency is defined as the:

increase effective focal spot

Which of the following will cause the advantage of moving grid to a stationary grid?

1, 2 and 3

Which of the following has an effect on the producing of secondary and scaterred radiation?

1. Thickness of the part being x rayed

2. Density of the tissue being x rayed

3. Kilovoltage

mAs

An increase in film density results from an increase in:

OFD

Definition is directly influenced by the:

suspending respiration

Motion unsharpness is controlled primarily by______.

increase detail

When going to a medium speed to a high speed, there will be a decrease in necessary amount of exposure and

1, 2 and 3

Poor storage or handling practices that can result in film fog include:

1. Outdated film

2. Expsure to excessive temperature

3. Exposure to chemical fumes