Understanding Anatomy and Physiology - Fluid, Electrolyte & Acid-Base Balance

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering essential concepts related to fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance in human physiology.

Where does most of the body's water reside?

Inside cells (65% of the body's water).

What is the fluid between cells inside tissue called?

Interstitial fluid.

What happens if the concentration of electrolytes in tissue fluid increases?

Water will move out of cells and into the tissues.

Which method of water loss occurs least in the body?

Through metabolism.

Which part of the brain regulates fluid intake and output?

Hypothalamus.

What happens when the volume of total body water declines?

Blood pressure drops, sodium concentration increases, and osmolarity increases.

What effect does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on kidneys?

ADH prompts reabsorption of more water and reduces urine production.

What condition occurs when more water than sodium is eliminated from the body?

Dehydration.

Why are infants more prone to dehydration compared to adults?

Infants have kidneys that do not concentrate urine effectively.

What is one of the causes of edema?

Electrolyte imbalances.

What is the main electrolyte of extracellular fluid?

Sodium.

What could you expect in a patient with a crush injury?

Hyperkalemia.

What electrolyte imbalance could result from chronic diarrhea?

Hypokalemia.

What percentage of extracellular fluid osmolarity is accounted for by sodium?

90 percent.

Which statement about calcium is correct?

Calcium exists mostly outside the cell.

What is the normal pH range of blood and tissue fluid?

7.35 to 7.45.

How does the bicarbonate buffer system buffer a strong acid?

By binding with hydrogen atoms.

What happens to pH during increased respiratory rates?

pH increases because less CO2 is available to form carbonic acid.

Which buffer system can neutralize the most acids and bases?

Renal system.

Which buffer system expels H+ ions from the body?

Renal system.

What maintains normal pH range involving bicarbonate ions?

A precise ratio of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid.

What imbalance results from hyperventilation?

Respiratory alkalosis.

What is the body's initial response to compensate for metabolic acidosis?

The respiratory rate will increase.

What condition is characterized by fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces?

Edema.

What are substances that break into electrically charged particles when dissolved in water called?

Electrolytes.

Which electrolyte imbalance is most dangerous?

Imbalances in potassium.

Which hormone regulates serum levels of sodium and potassium?

Aldosterone.

What is the most abundant extracellular anion?

Chloride.

What determines the pH of a solution?

Concentration of hydrogen ions.

What are the body mechanisms that keep acids and bases in balance called?

Buffers.

What do physiological buffers use to stabilize pH?

Respiratory and urinary systems.

What electrolyte imbalance results from acidosis?

Hyperkalemia.

Which cell type delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide?

Erythrocytes.

What are immature red blood cells called?

Reticulocytes.

Where is red bone marrow primarily found in adults?

The ends of long bones and in flat, irregular bones.

Which mineral is crucial for hemoglobin synthesis?

Iron.

What triggers the production of new red blood cells?

Declining oxygen levels.

What hormone is secreted by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels?

Erythropoietin (EPO).

What is the normal lifespan of a red blood cell?

120 days.

What does heme break down into during recycling?

Iron and bilirubin.

What happens when thrombin transforms fibrinogen?

It forms fibrin threads.

What vitamin is necessary for synthesizing clotting factors?

Vitamin K.

What is the first step of hemostasis?

Vascular spasm.

What causes platelets to become sticky?

Exposure of collagen fibers.

What triggers the extrinsic clotting pathway?

Release of clotting factors from damaged tissues.

What is the role of prothrombin activator?

It converts prothrombin into thrombin.

What identifies the type of blood a person has in the ABO system?

The type of antigens on the red blood cells.

What does a person with type O blood possess?

Neither A nor B antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

What is true about Rh-negative blood?

It lacks the Rh antigen.

What describes the percentage of red blood cells in blood sample?

Hematocrit.

What is used to describe the thickness or stickiness of blood?

Viscosity.

What is blood production called?

Hemopoiesis.

What type of stem cell gives rise to all blood cells?

Hematopoietic stem cell.

What pigment fills the interior of a red blood cell?

Hemoglobin.

How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin molecule bind?

Four.

What is the process of producing new red blood cells?

Erythropoiesis.

Which formed elements are the fewest in blood?

White blood cells.

What is the process of clot dissolution called?

Fibrinolysis.

What is the substance that allows red blood cells to carry oxygen?

Hemoglobin.

What is produced by megakaryocytes?

Platelets.

What type of blood cell is responsible for long-term immunity?

Lymphocyte.

Which blood cell is classified as a phagocytic cell?

Monocyte.

What do basophils secrete to prevent clotting?

Heparin.

What is the term for red blood cells that are released by the bone marrow?

Reticulocytes.

Which blood component plays a major role in blood clotting?

Proteins.

What happens to hemoglobin during recycling?

It is broken down into heme and globin.

What type of blood type contains A antigen and anti-B antibodies?

Type A blood.

What blood type would have no A or B antigens?

Type O blood.

What blood component regulates fluid volume?

Proteins in plasma.

What describes the role of thrombocytes?

They assist in blood clotting.

What do eosinophils combat?

Allergic reactions.

What blood cells are also known as leukocytes?

White blood cells.

What vitamin is crucial for clotting factor synthesis?

Vitamin K.

What is the role of potassium in the body?

It is crucial for muscle function.

What can hypokalemia lead to?

Muscle weakness.

What is a potential cause of increased eosinophil count?

Allergy.

What prevents blood loss from the circulatory system?

Hemostasis.

What describes the total process of blood clotting?

Hemostasis.

How are blood types classified?

By the presence of specific antigens.

What measurements indicate sanguine characteristics?

Hematocrit and hemoglobin levels.

What triggers the activation of clotting factors?

Platelet adherence to collagen.

What does blood density impact?

Viscosity.

What is another name for a blood clot?

Thrombus.

What is the importance of hemostatic plugs?

They prevent excessive bleeding.