Anatomy & Physiology SEM 2 EOCA Study Guide

Kleinbergs Class

The process of moving digested substances through the membrane of your small intestine would be called

Absorption

Which system is responsible for the secretion of hormones

Endocrine System

Which system allows locomotion, maintains posture, produces heat

Muscular system

Which system waterproofs the body, collects information about what is happening at the body’s exterior

Integumentary System

Which system forms blood cells and stores minerals

Skeletal System

Which system cleanses the blood and houses cells involved in immunity

Lymphatic System

Body temperature is controlled by this form of homeostatic feedback

Negative Feedback

Blood clotting is controlled by this form of homeostatic feedback

Negative Feedback

Fast-acting control center that responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Nervous System

This system protects deeper tissue from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, and produces sweat and oil glands

Integumentary System

Known as striated muscle and/or voluntary muscle; can contract rapidly with great force

skeletal muscle

Can tire easily and must rest after short periods of activity (type of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, cardiac)

Skeletal muscle

Many fascicles bound together; it includes a tough overcoat of connective tissue

Epimysium

Tiny contractile units in the muscle cell

Sarcomeres

Protein(s) in charge of regulating muscle contraction involving the linking of actin and myosin

Troponin and Tropomyosin

Graded responses in muscle contraction are produced in which way(s)

Factors contributing to muscle fatigue

Imbalances of ions (potassium, calcium, sodium), Problems at neuromuscular junction, Oxygen deficit

This type of muscle contraction literally means “same measurement” or length

Isometric

A “pause squat” where tension is held static at the bottom of the squat movement for 5 seconds before standing is an example of which type of contraction

Isometric

A coarser fibrous membrane that wraps several sheathed muscle fibers

Perimysium

The body produces approximately (this #) of blood cells per day

100 billion

A stem cell that means “blood cell former.”

hemocytoblast

The stem cell descendant that produces all other classes of formed elements

Myeloid Stem Cell

Why do erythrocytes lack mitochondria

They make ATP by anaerobic mechanisms, therefore do not use up any of the oxygen they are transporting

Anemia occurs because of

a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of blood

The most numerous WBC

Monocyte

The rarest WBC

Basophil

Type of WBC that takes up residence in the lymphatic tissues for immune response

Lymphocytes

Type of WBC that rapidly increases in number during infections by parasitic worms

Eosinophil

Type of WBC that, when they migrate into tissues for an immune response, they change into macrophages with big appetites - literally engulf the bad guys!

Monocytes

The Central Nervous System (CNS) contains which primary structures

The brain and spinal cord

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) contains which primary structures

Nerves extending from the spinal cord to glands and muscles

The Autonomic Nervous System is further divided into the

sympathetic, which activates the fight or flight response, and parasympathetic, which is rest and digest

Star-shaped supporting cells within the nervous system that have swollen ends that cling to neurons and anchor them to a nutrient supply

Astrocytes

Spider-like phagocytes supporting cells within the nervous system that monitor the health of neurons and dispose of debris

Microglia

Supporting cells within the nervous system that produce the myelin sheath around neurons

Oligodendrocytes

Gametes are _________ cells - meaning, they only contain 23 chromosomes in total

Haploid

True or False: Though male and female reproductive systems are different, their joint purpose is to produce offspring

True

The supply of egg cells in females is created when

While in the womb

The general function of the female reproductive system is to release how many eggs per month that is/are capable of joining with a sperm cell to create an embryo

One

This hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland, which triggers the maturation of sperm cells

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Approximately how many primary oocytes are in place within ovarian follicles at birth

Roughly 1 million

At puberty, approximately how many primary oocytes are in place within ovarian follicles

300,000

Generally speaking, the ovarian and menstrual cycles are about ___ days long, with ovulation occurring around Day ___

3-5, 21

Refers to events that occur from the time of fertilization (conception) until the infant is born

Pregnancy

A woman’s developing offspring (vocab term from notes)

Conceptus

A voluntary process involving food being placed in the mouth

Ingestion

Swallowing is an example of this action to move food through the tracts of smooth muscle

Propulsion

The transportation of the end products of food from the lumen of the GI tract to the blood or lymph

Absorption

The contents delivered to the large intestine spend about how much time moving through this organ before defecation

(according to the textbook/notes based on an average person)