DAT BIOLOGY 2 studying materials

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Last updated 12:21 AM on 5/17/26
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126 Terms

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Cell membrane

Selectivley permeable barrier that regulates movement in and out the cell

<p><strong>Selectivley permeable</strong> barrier that regulates movement in and out the cell</p>
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What is the cell membrane made of

A phospholipid bilayer

membrane proteins,

carbs

and cholesterol

Bi pro car chol

<p>A phospholipid bilayer </p><p>membrane proteins,</p><p>carbs </p><p>and cholesterol </p><p></p><p>Bi pro car chol </p>
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What does the cell membrane regulate

Cell signaling and communication

<p>Cell signaling and communication</p>
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What do the hydtophobic tails of the phospholipid bilayer act as

A barrier for water soluble substances

<p><strong>A barrier</strong> for water soluble substances</p>
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What are Membrane proteins used for

Facilitate transport, used as receptors, and provide structural support

Transport reception support

<p>Facilitate transport, used as receptors, and provide structural support</p><p></p><p>Transport reception support</p>
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Integral proteins:

Embedded in the membrane

amphipathic proteins that aid in

signaling and transportation

<p>Embedded in the membrane</p><p>amphipathic proteins that aid in</p><p>signaling and transportation</p>
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Transmembrane protiens

integral proteins that span the entire membrane

<p>integral proteins that span the entire membrane</p>
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peripheral membrane proteins

On the membrane surface,

hydrophillic

<p>On the membrane surface,</p><p>hydrophillic</p>
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What are periperal membrane proteins used for

receptors, cell recognition, enzymes, or adhesion

<p>receptors, cell recognition, enzymes, or adhesion</p>
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Where are carbs attached on the cell membrane

the surface

<p>the surface</p>
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What are carbs used for on the cell surface

Recogniation, signaling, adhesion

<p>Recogniation, signaling, adhesion</p>
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Where is cholesterol found?

In cell membrane, but only eukaryotic

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agonist

molecules that bind to receptors to activate a biological response

<p>molecules that bind to receptors to activate a biological response</p>
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antagonist

molecules that bind to receptors to inhibita biological response

<p>molecules that bind to receptors to inhibita biological response</p>
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how do proteins promote adhesion

they attach cells to other things and anchor the cytoskeleton

<p>they attach cells to other things and anchor the cytoskeleton</p>
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how do proteins promote cellular recognition

glycoproteins

<p>glycoproteins</p>
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Simple diffusion

small uncharged molecules or lipid soluble molecules

across a concentration gradient (no energy)

<p>small uncharged molecules or lipid soluble molecules </p><p>across a concentration gradient (no energy) </p>
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Faccilitated tranport

large or charged molecules across concentration gradient using channel proteins

no energy investement

<p>large or charged molecules across concentration gradient using channel proteins</p><p></p><p>no energy investement </p>
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Active transport

molecules across the cell membrane against concentration gradient

need energy investment

<p>molecules across the cell membrane against concentration gradient</p><p>need energy investment</p>
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Types of active transport

primary and secondary

<p>primary and secondary </p>
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Primary transport

membrane protiens pump molecules against concentration gradient via ATP hydrolysis

<p>membrane protiens pump molecules against concentration gradient via ATP hydrolysis</p>
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Example of Primary active transport

sodium potassium pump

<p>sodium potassium pump </p>
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secondary transport

uses the energy from one molecule moving down its electrochemical gradient to drive transport of another molecule

it requires energy to establish the initial concentration gradient (needs primary active transport )

<p>uses the energy from one molecule moving down its electrochemical gradient to drive transport of another molecule </p><p></p><p>it requires energy to establish the initial concentration gradient (needs primary active transport )</p>
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Endocytosis

Cell membrane internalizes extracellular substances

can be pinocytosis, phagocytosis, or receptor mediated endocytosis

<p>Cell membrane internalizes extracellular substances</p><p>can be pinocytosis, phagocytosis, or receptor mediated endocytosis</p>
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knowt flashcard image
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Phagocytosis

Cellular eating

<p>Cellular eating</p>
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Pinocytosis

Cellular drinking

<p>Cellular drinking</p>
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Endocytosis that is initiated by dissolved molecules binding to peripheral membrane receptor proteins

Ex. clathrin mediated endocytosis

<p>Endocytosis that is initiated by dissolved molecules binding to peripheral membrane receptor proteins</p><p></p><p>Ex. clathrin mediated endocytosis</p>
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Exocytosis

internal substance are released to the extracellular space, internal vesicle fuses to the cell membrane and releases contents

<p>internal substance are released to the extracellular space, internal vesicle fuses to the cell membrane and releases contents</p>
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Cytosol

aqueous intracellular fluid

<p>aqueous intracellular fluid </p>
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where are organelles found

only in eukaryotes

<p>only in eukaryotes </p>
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cytoplasm

cytosol + organelles

<p>cytosol + organelles</p>
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What does the nucleus do

protects and stores DNA

houses replication and transcription

<p>protects and stores DNA </p><p>houses replication and transcription</p>
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Whats the prokaryote equivalent of a nucleus

a nucleoid

<p>a nucleoid</p>
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Nucleoplasm

Cytoplasm of the nucleus

<p>Cytoplasm of the nucleus</p>
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Nuclear envelope

Encapsulates the nucleus; contains both an inner and outer phospholipid bilayer

<p>Encapsulates the nucleus; contains both an inner and outer phospholipid bilayer</p>
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Nuclear pores

Channels in the nuclear envelope

<p>Channels in the nuclear envelope</p>
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Nucleolus

Produces components of ribosomes (rRNA)

<p>Produces components of ribosomes (rRNA)</p>
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How do ribosomes help with protein production

Via translation

<p>Via translation </p>
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What makes up a eukaryotic ribosome

60S and 40S form to create 80S

<p>60S and 40S form to create 80S</p>
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How are eukaryotic ribosmes created

  1. Nucleolus Creates 60S and 40S subunits,

  2. 60S and 40S subunits assemble in the nucleoplasm

  3. They are then taken into the cytosol where they form the full ribosome

<ol><li><p>Nucleolus Creates 60S and 40S subunits, </p></li><li><p>60S and 40S subunits assemble in the nucleoplasm</p></li><li><p>They are then taken into the cytosol where they form the full ribosome </p></li></ol><p></p>
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What makes up a prokaryotic ribosome

50S and 30S to form (70S)

<p>50S and 30S to form (70S)</p>
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what do Free floating ribosomes do

produce protiens that function in the cell

<p>produce protiens that function in the cell</p>
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what do Rough ER ribosmes do

produce prtoeins for extracellular or cellular membrane use

<p>produce prtoeins for extracellular or cellular membrane use </p>
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Endomembrane system

nucleus, smooth and rough ERs, lysosomes, vacuoles, cell membrane

nERm LV

<p>nucleus, smooth and rough ERs, lysosomes, vacuoles, cell membrane </p><p></p><p>nERm LV</p>
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Endomembrane system purpose

Modify, package, and transport

proteins and lipids

<p>Modify, package, and transport</p><p></p><p>proteins and lipids </p>
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Rough ER

organelle attached to the nuclear envelope that has ribosomes on the outside (making it rough)

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What do the embedded ribosomes in the rough ER do?

produce proteins to travel to the lumen of the rough ER for modifications

<p><strong>produce proteins</strong> to <strong>travel to the lumen</strong> of the rough ER for <strong>modifications</strong></p><p></p>
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What is the rough ER composed of

Cisternae (flattened sacs)

<p>Cisternae (flattened sacs)</p>
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Where do the proteins prosseced by the rough ER go?

into the cellular membrane or the extracellular space

<p>into the cellular membrane or the extracellular space</p>
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Smooth ER

Extension of rough ER

sythesizes lipids, steroid hormones, and detoxifies cells

<p>Extension of rough ER </p><p><strong>sythesizes lipids</strong>, <strong>steroid hormones</strong>, and <strong>detoxifies cells</strong></p>
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Golgi apparatus purpose

store, export, and modify proteins to be secreted by the cell

STEM

<p><strong>store</strong>, <strong>export</strong>, and <strong>modify </strong>proteins to be secreted by the cell </p><p>STEM</p>
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What is the golgi apparatus made of

cisternae

<p>cisternae</p>
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how do proteins enter and exit the golgi apparatus

Enter at the cis face and exit from the trans face

<p>Enter at the cis face and exit from the trans face </p>
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Peroxisomes

perform hydrolysis

break down stored fatty acids, and help with detoxification

<p>perform <strong>hydrolysis</strong></p><p><strong>break down </strong>stored <strong>fatty acids</strong>, and help with<strong> detoxification</strong></p>
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What is a side product of perxisomes

hydrogen peroxide, which is broken by catalase

<p>hydrogen peroxide, which is broken by catalase </p>
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Lysosomes

in animal cells,

break down cellular waste via hydrolytic enzymes, and cause apoptosis

<p>in animal cells, </p><p>b<strong>reak down cellular waste</strong> via <strong>hydrolytic enzymes</strong>, and <strong>cause apoptosis </strong></p>
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Vacuoles

for storage,

plants use them for rigity or waste breakdown

some protists use it for osmoregulation

<p>for storage, </p><p>plants use them for rigity or waste breakdown</p><p>some protists use it for osmoregulation </p>
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How is mitochonrial DNA inherited

maternally

<p>maternally </p>
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Where does cellular respiration take place?

The mitochondria

<p>The mitochondria</p>
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Chloroplasts

Type of plastid (doube membranes organelles found in plant cells and algae)

that performs photosynthesis

<p>Type of plastid (doube membranes organelles found in plant cells and algae) </p><p></p><p>that performs photosynthesis</p>
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Where are centrosomes found

animal cells

<p>animal cells </p>
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Centrosomes

Centrioles that act as microtubule organizing centers during cell replication

<p>Centrioles that act as microtubule organizing centers during cell replication </p>
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cytoskeleton

provides structural support within cytoplasm

<p>provides structural support within cytoplasm </p>
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What makes up the cytoskeleton

Microfilaments

intermediate filaments

and microtubules

<p>Microfilaments </p><p>intermediate filaments</p><p>and microtubules</p>
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Microfilaments

Smallest cytoskeletal structure, made up of double helix of actin

<p>Smallest cytoskeletal structure, made up of double helix of actin</p>
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Microfilaments Composition

Made of actin (a contractile protein)

<p>Made of <strong>actin</strong> (a contractile protein)</p>
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Microfilaments use

cell movement

Cytoplasmic streaming (movement of cytoplasm inside the cell)

Cleavage furrow formation during cell division

Muscle contraction

<p>cell movement</p><p><strong>Cytoplasmic streaming</strong> (movement of cytoplasm inside the cell)</p><p><strong>Cleavage furrow formation</strong> during <strong>cell division</strong></p><p>Muscle contraction</p>
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Cytoplasmic streaming

(movement of cytoplasm inside the cell)

<p>(movement of cytoplasm inside the cell)</p>
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Intermediate Filaments

Medium-sized cytoskeletal filaments used for structural support

<p>Medium-sized cytoskeletal filaments used for structural support </p>
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Intermediate Filaments composition

Made of a variety of proteins, including keratin

<p>Made of a variety of proteins, including <strong>keratin</strong></p>
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Keratin

found in skin, hair, and nails

in intermediate filaments

<p>found in <strong>skin, hair, and nails</strong></p><p><strong>in intermediate filaments</strong></p>
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Microtubules

Largest cytoskeletal filaments that stabilize and shape the cell

<p>Largest cytoskeletal filaments that stabilize and shape the cell</p>
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Microtubules Composition

Made of tubulin protein dimers

<p>Made of <strong>tubulin protein dimers</strong></p>
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Microtubules Function

Form centrioles

Essential for cell movement via cilia and flagella

<p>Form <strong>centrioles</strong></p><p> Essential for <strong>cell movement</strong> via <strong>cilia and flagella</strong></p><p></p>
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Flagella

long, hair like structures than are used for cell movement, made of microtubules

<p>long, hair like structures than are used for<strong> cell movement</strong>, <strong>made of microtubules</strong></p>
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Cilia

Small, Hair like projections made of Tubulin

in eukaryotes, for movements

<p>Small, Hair like projections made of <strong>Tubulin</strong></p><p></p><p><strong>in eukaryotes, for movements</strong></p>
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Kinesin and dyenin

Proteins that travel on microtubules and are used for transport

<p>Proteins that travel on microtubules and are used for transport </p>
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Microtubule Organizing Centers

Organize the extension of microtubules in the cell

<p>Organize the <strong>extension of microtubules</strong> in the cell</p>
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what are the Key Components of Microtubule Organizing Centers

centrioles, which two make up Centrosomes

<p>centrioles, which two make up Centrosomes</p>
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Centrosomes

A pair of centrioles oriented at 90-degree angles to each other

that Serve as a hub for microtubule organization

<p>A <strong>pair of centrioles</strong> oriented at <strong>90-degree angles</strong> to each other </p><p>that Serve as a <strong>hub for microtubule organization</strong></p>
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Centrioles

Hollow cylinders made of microtubules

Found in animal cells

2 make up centrosomes

<p>Hollow cylinders made of microtubules</p><p>Found in animal cells</p><p></p><p>2 make up centrosomes</p>
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extracellular matrix

Supports the outside of the cell

<p>Supports the outside of the cell </p>
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What is the ECM made of

Protiens and glycoprotiens

<p>Protiens and glycoprotiens </p>
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What are the components of the ECM

Collagen

proteoglycans

integrins

fibronectin and laminin

<p>Collagen </p><p>proteoglycans </p><p>integrins</p><p>fibronectin and laminin </p>
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Proteoglycans

ECM glycoprotein with a lot of carbs

<p>ECM glycoprotein with a lot of carbs </p>
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Collagen

ECM structural protein secreted by fibroblasts

<p>ECM structural protein secreted by fibroblasts </p>
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What secretes collagen

Fibroblasts

<p>Fibroblasts</p>
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What polymers do collagen fibers form

collagen fibrils

<p>collagen fibrils</p>
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Integrins

transmembrane proteins that control ECM adhesion and work as cell receptors

<p>transmembrane proteins that control ECM adhesion and work as cell receptors </p>
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Fibronectin

attached to integrins

helps with signal transduction

<p>attached to integrins</p><p>helps with signal transduction</p>
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laminin

attached to integrins

helps with cell differentiation, adhesion, and movement

<p>attached to integrins</p><p>helps with cell <strong>differentiation</strong>, <strong>adhesion</strong>, and <strong>movement</strong></p>
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What do plants have cell walls made of

cellulose

<p>cellulose</p>
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What do fungi have cell walls made of

chitin

<p>chitin</p>
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What do bacteria have cell walls made of

peptidoglycan

<p>peptidoglycan</p>
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What do archea have cell walls made of

polysaccharides

<p>polysaccharides</p>
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Cell wall

carb based structures that act like an ECM but more rigid

provide support to cells without ECM or with minimal ECM

<p>carb based structures that act like an ECM but more rigid</p><p></p><p>provide support to cells without ECM or with minimal ECM</p>
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Cell matrix juntions

Connect the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton

Focal adhesions or hemidesmosomes

<p>Connect the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton</p><p></p><p>Focal adhesions or hemidesmosomes </p>
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Focal adhesions

type of cell matrix junction that uses actin microfilaments

<p>type of cell matrix junction that uses actin microfilaments </p>
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Hemidesmosomes

type of cell matrix junction that uses intermediate filaments

<p>type of cell matrix junction that uses intermediate filaments </p>