Chapter 1 - Communication 101, Theories, Models, and Ethics

Who is the author of the quote "Listen with curiosity. Speak with honesty. Act with integrity"?

Roy T. Bennett

In the context of the opening quote from The Light in the Heart, what is described as the "greatest problem with communication"?

We listen to reply rather than to understand

According to Slater, communication was taking place among which entities before the Creator said "Let there be light"?

The Trinity

Based on the text, why does mankind not expect to perfectly realize understanding and meaning negotiation?

Because communication is not perfect

According to De Vito (1986), how is communication defined from a "linear perspective"?

Transmitting a message from a sender to a receiver through a channel with noise

From an etymological perspective, the word "communication" is derived from which Latin word?

Communis

According to Lunenberg (2010), what fundamental fact does the etymological definition of communication underscore?

There is no communication unless a common understanding results

How do Adler & Rodman (2006) define communication from a "symbolic perspective"?

It uses arbitrary constructions to represent a communicator's thought

According to Velentzas & Broni (2014), what perspective defines communication as "sign-mediated interaction that follows combinatorial rules"?

Pragmatic perspective

In the Shannon-Weaver Linear Communication Model, what is the specific term for the intention or purpose that begins the process?

Speaker's intention

According to Nelson (2014), the receiver's decoding process depends on various factors because individuals inherit characteristics from whom?

Families, friends, and education

In the context of the "Message" element, what are "paralinguistic features" defined as?

Movements, gestures, and facial expressions

According to Baran (2017), what is the specific term for messages sent technologically to a large number of people?

Mass media

Which of the following is NOT listed as a form of "noise" in the communication process elements?

Cultural noise

In the context of communication barriers, which type of noise deals with "disturbances in the mind, attitudes, and assumptions"?

Psychological noise

In the context of communication barriers, which type of noise is connected with the "use of words and language"?

Semantic noise

What are the three specific types of verbal communication listed in the text?

Public, interpersonal, and small group communication

According to Velentzas and Broni (2014), which of the following is a form of non-verbal communication related to touch?

Haptics

According to Velentzas and Broni (2014), which of the following is a form of non-verbal communication related to time?

Chronemics

Which of the following is identified in the text as an example of "object communication"?

Clothing and hairstyles

The text lists "introspection, acts of imagination, schematizing, and memory recall" as examples of what specific type of communication?

Intrapersonal communication

In the acronym PURPOSE for the functions of communication, what does the letter 'P' stand for in the first item?

Purpose

In the acronym PURPOSE for the functions of communication, what does the letter 'U' stand for?

Understanding

In the acronym PURPOSE for the functions of communication, what does the letter 'R' stand for?

Reaction

In the acronym PURPOSE for the functions of communication, what does the letter 'O' stand for?

Opinions

In the acronym PURPOSE for the functions of communication, what does the letter 'S' stand for?

Sympathy

In the acronym PURPOSE for the functions of communication, what does the letter 'E' stand for?

Education

How did West and Turner (2007) define a "theory"?

An abstract system of concepts with indications of relationships among concepts

Which communication theory focuses on "self and its relationship to society" and the "introspective self-concept"?

Symbolic Interaction Theory

Which communication theory posits that "interpersonal communication is the primordial way of reducing uncertainties" among strangers?

Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Which communication theory suggests that organizational values are better understood if members develop a "sense of organizational reality"?

Organizational Culture Theory

Which communication theory examines the "level of consumers' need for gratification to media use"?

Uses and Gratification Theory

Which communication theory is based on the precept that "culture pervades and invades all facets of human behavior"?

Cultural Studies

According to the Cultural Studies theory, what does the term "power strata" refer to?

Media dominance over subordinate groups

Which communication theory states that conflicts arise if individuals fail to manage "self-identity, face, self-image, and culture"?

Face Negotiation Theory

What specific acronym is used in the text to describe "face-threatening acts"?

FTAs

Who is identified as the engineer and researcher at Bell Laboratories who developed mathematical theorems for communication in 1948?

Claude Shannon

According to Nelson (2014), while the speaker conveys a message through words and action, how does the audience give meaning to it?

Through its own thought processes

Who developed a graphic way to represent the "reciprocal nature of communication" involving an encoding-message-decoding cycle in 1954?

Schramm and Osgood

Which model of communication emphasizes the "continuous flow of communicative interaction" and was developed by Barnlund in 1957?

Transactional model

In Barnlund's Transactional Model, what specific term is used to describe the nature of exchanging messages?

Interactive reciprocity

According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary definition provided, which of the following is NOT part of the definition of ethics?

A system of legal penalties

Which ethical factor involves the goal of establishing an array of communication networks with open access to information?

Building an information network

In the context of "Building an information network," what type of information should NOT be shared?

Fake or of high confidentiality

Which ethical factor emphasizes the responsibility to "employ critical listening" and "speak out what is in the mind"?

Engaging and participating

Which ethical factor suggests that one must "choose the right word that may not offend or humiliate a person"?

Speaking with a heart

Which ethical factor explicitly advises to avoid communication leading to "intolerance, intimidation, stereotyping, hatred, coercion, and violence"?

Condemning discrimination

Which ethical factor advises to "learn first to respect and understand the content of what is said" before judging?

Respecting and understanding each other

The word "ethics" originated from the Greek word ethikos, which means:

Characteristic, customary, habitual

The word "ethics" is linked to the Greek word ethos, which translates to:

Character, custom, habit, habitat

In the Shannon-Weaver model, what form of noise is described as "interference from the external source"?

Physical noise

In the Shannon-Weaver model, what form of noise is described as "deals with one's health or body"?

Physiological noise

According to the text, messages are constructed in which four ways?

Verbally, non-verbally, through semiotics, textually/visually

What is defined in the text as "the process or act of transmitting a message from a sender to a receiver through a channel and with the interference of noise"?

Communication (Linear Perspective)

Who is the author of the book Introducing Communication Theory: Analysis and Application cited in the text?

West and Turner

What specific term does the text use for "movements, gestures, and facial expressions" that may support or contradict spoken messages?

Paralinguistic features

According to the text, sound waves are the medium for which type of message delivery?

Oral delivery

In the context of non-verbal communication, what are "print and non-print ads" considered as?

Forms of non-verbal communication

The text states that "Communication is the key to…" what?

Humanness

According to the text, conflicts will not arise if a particular message is what?

Comprehensible and clearly understood

In the "P-articipation" function of communication, it is a way to show what kind of thoughts on various issues?

Judgments and critical thoughts

Which function of communication is described as "an expression of showing support for something and being sorry for someone’s trouble"?

S-sympathy

According to the text, learning is achieved through communication in forms such as classroom discussions and what else?

Symposia and trainings

According to Uncertainty Reduction Theory, where do "uncertainties" primarily occur?

Among strangers in an interpersonal setting

What theory refers to the significance of meanings for "human psyche"?

Symbolic Interaction Theory

According to the text, "Culture plays a significant role for it varies across…" what?

Organizations

In the Osgood and Schramm model, what three components form the cycle?

Encoding-message-decoding

What specific element is listed under "NOISE" in the Recipient section of Barnlund's Transactional Model?

Attitudes

In Barnlund's Transactional Model, which channel is listed under the Communicator section alongside the Sending channel?

Feedback channel

According to the text, being responsible and careful with what is being said is considered what?

Ethically moral

The text states that "relationship is one of the keys to…" what?

Effective communication

Which specific Greek word mentioned in the text means "characteristic, customary, habitual"?

Ethikos

What is defined as "anything that blocks or interferes with the communication process"?

Noise

According to Velentzas and Broni (2014), pragmatics defines communication as any interaction that is "sign-mediated" and follows what kind of rules?

Combinatorial, context-specific, and content-coherent

What type of messages are formed through "symbols, signs, pictures, characters, videos, and texts"?

Semiotic, textual, and visual messages

In the context of Mass Media, which of the following is explicitly listed as an example in the text?

Newspapers

According to the text, reactions to what is seen, heard, felt, or thought about can be:

Both verbal or non-verbal

In the "O-pinions" function of communication, what is described as a "manifestation of criticality"?

To verbalize thinking or opinion on certain topics

The text describes communication as a phenomenon that defines the very essence of what?

Humanness

According to the text, the meaning of communication should be defined from what kind of perspective to not limit it to encoding-decoding?

Purposive and experiential

What specific Latin word is cited as the origin of "communication"?

Communis

In the Shannon-Weaver model, who "encodes feelings, ideas, thoughts, and emotions into some form of a message"?

Sender

What did Irene and Emile share in the old farmhouse?

Fifty years of incredible memories

In the "Uses and Gratification Theory," what does the theory examine the results and effects of?

Increased or decreased involvement

What does "Face Negotiation Theory" say is important to negotiate to avoid face-threatening acts?

Self-identity, face, self-image, and culture

In Barnlund's Transactional Model, "Culture" and "Values" are listed as components of what?

Noise

What is the specific definition of "Ethos" mentioned in the Language Tweak section?

Custom, habit, habitat

The text states that credibility and trustworthiness are built when a speaker avoids sharing information that is:

Fake or of high confidentiality

Communication is the process or act of transmitting a message from a sender to receiver through a channel and with the interference of noise. From what Perspective of Communication is this?

Linear perspective

Communication is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behavior. From what Perspective of Communication is this?

Interactive Perspective

The definition underscores the fact that unless a common understanding results from the exchange of information, there is no commumication. From what Perspective of Communication is this?

Ethymological perspective

Communication uses smybols to represent things, processes, ideas, or events. These symbols are arbitrary constructions that represent a communicator’s thoughts. From what Perspective of Communication is this?

Symbolic Perspective

Communication as any sign-mediates interaction that follows combinatorial, context-specific, and content-coherent rules. From what Perspective of Communication is this?

Pragmatic perspective

What are the 5 Perspectives in Communication?

Linear, Interactive, Etymological, Symbolic, and Pragmatic

What are the 5 elements of communication?

Sender, Receiver, Message, Channel, and Noise

What are the 7 Functions of Communication?

PURPOSE - Purpose, Understanding, Reaction, Participation, Opinions, Sympathy, and Education

What are the 6 Communication Theories according to West and Turner?

Symbolic Interaction, Uncertainty Reduction, Organizational Culture, Uses and Gratification, Cultural Studies, and Face Negotiation Theory

What are the 4 elements of Osgood and Schramm’s Model of Communication?

Encoder, Interpreter, Decoder, and Message

What are the 5 elements of Communication Ethics

Building an information network, Engaging and Participating, Speaking with a heart, Condemning Discrimination, and Respecting and Understanding each other

Refers to the imposition by a politically or economically dominant community of various aspects of its culture e.g., customs, tradition, religion, language, and community.

Cultural Imperialism