Henry VIII - Early F.P.

French threat

Francis I

Pop - 15 mil

Royal income - 350k/year

HRE threat

Charles V (Habsburg) + King of Spain, Naples + Sicily

Pop - 23 mil

Royal income - 560k/year

Henry’s Aims

1. Military glory - conquer France + be a warrior-king

2. Regain England’s major power status in Eu politics

3. Be viewed as a Renaissance Prince - cultured, intellectual

4. Achieve imperial sovereignty - post-1529 implies independence from the Pope

Wolsey’s Aims

1. Serve the king’s interest - gain him military glory

2. Ensure England is not diplomatically isolated in Europe

   1. Better relations with both France + Habsburg Empire

   2. Potentially playing the powers off each other to England’s advantage

3. Increase international prestige

   1. Act as a peace maker, gaining Henry an image of respected leader

When was the Treaty of London?

1518

What was the Treaty of London

20 of Europe’s most powerful nations

Gather forced + defend the Catholic faith against the Ottoman Empire

Facts about the Ottoman Empire

Suleiman the magnificent

Empire encompassed 3 continents

Approx. 25 mil people lived

Consequences of Treaty of London

Extremely effective in the short-term
Put London as the foremost capital in Europe
Striving to protect the largest threat to Europe

Guy, “the most significant single achievement in England’s foreign policy”

Downsides of the Treaty

Maximilian I died shortly after
HRE one of the most influential countries

Fatally undermined the principles

When was the Field of the Cloth of Gold?

1520

What was the Field of the Cloth of Gold

6k Henry’s entourage

Entirely orchestrated by Wolsey

Lavish feasts + extravagant performances

Timber buildings

Consequences of the Field of the Cloth of Gold

Reinforced Henry’s image as a renaissance prince

Increased prestige + reputation

Politically:
Redundant
Mary married to Francis I’s son, Dauphin

When was the Battle of Flodden

1514

How many troops fought in the Battle of Flodden?

26k English - led by C of A + Thomas Howard

35k Scottish - led by James IV

Consequences of victory in Flodden?

James IV killed in action

Prevented the Auld Alliance reoccurring

Neutralised any threat of a northern invasion

Didn’t gain major land - enabled Henry to continue with the First Anglo-French war

Enhanced military prowess

When was the First Anglo-French War?

1512-14

What happened in the First Anglo-French War?

Ferdinand abandons Henry to capture Navarre then withdrew

Henry personally led 25k troops into France
Captured Therouanne + Tournai - cavalry won at the Battle of the Spurs

Treaty of Saint Germain-en-Laye
10k pension + symbolic assertion of Tudor power in continental Europe
Marriage to Mary Tudor to Louis XII - temporary

When was the Second Anglo-French War?

1522-1525

What was the Second Anglo-French War?

Duke of Bourbon + Charles V abandoned Henry

Suffolk marched with 11k men

Disastrously lost

Consequences of the Second Anglo-French War

Cost £430k

Humiliatingly, had to adopt a pro-France attitude

Treaty of the More (1525) - negotiates peace with France

League of Cognac (1526) - joins France against HRE

Treaty of Amiens (1527) - ratified peace + England agreed to help pay for French attack against Charles V

How was the HRE so powerful?

Battle of Pavia (1525) - captures Francis I + wins war against France

Sack of Rome (1527) - Pope Clement VII + the Catholic church to be added to his collection

Battle of Landriano - secured dominance again over France

Treaty of Barcelona (1529) + Peace of Cambrai (1529) - settled conflicts between the Pope and France + solidified Imperial control over Northern Italy