HSCI 210 Final Exam Study Guide (Partial)

M&F Reprod., Integumentary Layers, Cells, Glands, Muscle Fiber, Heart Valves, Circulatory Vessels, Anatomical Planes

Mons pubis

fatty tissue and skin padding the pubic bone

Clitoris

female erectile tissue equivalent to the male penis

Vestibule

entire external opening bordered by labia minora

Urethral opening

Opening for urine to exit

Labia majora

Two external-most folds of the skin for protection

Labia minora

Two innermost folds of skin

Covers openings within vestibule

Vagina

Birth canal

Entry point for male penis

Made up of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle

Cervix

narrow opening between uterus and vagina, enlarges during birth

Made up of fibrous connective tissue (collagen, elastin, fibroblasts)

Allows uterus to remain close during pregnancy

Uterus

womb, space where fetus develops

epithelium: soft, inner epithelial tissue and mucous membrane

Fallopian tubes

Hollow tubes with smooth layer muscle; moves a mature egg or embryo to uterus

Ampulla - lined with cilia to move egg closer to sperm –primary site of fertilization

fimbriae

Ampulla

Lined with cilia to move egg closer to sperm

Primary site of fertilization

Made of ciliated simple columnar epithelium

Ovaries

Produce mature egg cells during ovulation and sex hormones

Estrogen and progesterone

Penis

Conduit for urine to leave the body, tip called glans

Scrotum

Pair of pouch-like sacs that supports the testes

Corpus cavernosa

“Caverns” that fill with blood to create rigidity during an erection

Corpus spongiosum

Anterior tube that surrounds urethra

Expands to form glans

Outer layer is thin and elastic

Prevents urethra from being compressed

Testicles

Glands that produce sperm cells and male sex hormones (testosterone)

Testes protrude outside the body

Leydig cells produce testosterone

Epididymis

Stores immature sperm cells until they mature (develop tails and get stronger)

Produces a special fluid to maintain the maturing sperm

Urethra

Passageway of both urine from urinary bladder and semen from the glands

Divided into 3 sections

Prostatic

Membranous

spongy/penile

Seminal vesicles

Sac-like pouches attached to the vas deferens

Produces a sugar-rich fluid (60% of semen) that provides energy to sperm cells motility

Can temporarily store sperm

During ejaculation, they contract and release fluid into ejaculatory duct

Vas/ductus deferens

Long, muscular tube that serves as passageway of sperm cells released from the testes

Transports mature sperm to the urethra for ejaculation

Connects testes to seminal vesicle and urethra

Prostate gland

Walnut-sized gland located between bladder and penis

Secretes fluid that nourishes and protects the sperm

Milky white color and alkaline to help balance out acidic environment of vagina

Like a switch to allow either urine or semen–not both

Cowper’s/bulbourethral gland)

Two pea-sized organs found beneath prostate gland

responsible for releasing fluid that flushes out foreign matter

Lubricates and neutralizes acid in urethra

Integumentary layers

Epidermis: protects against germs, provides skin color, makes new skin;

“Come Lets Get Sun Burned”

Stratum Corneum: most superficial, dead keratinized cell

Stratum Lucidum: extra layer of flat, dead keratinocytes

Found in the palms and plantar surfaces

Stratum Granulosum: keratinocytes flatter and synthesize keratohyalin (dark) granules

Heps bind keratin filaments together

Stratum Spinosum: keratinocytes get bigger and make keratin filaments

Stratum Basale: innermost layer, where keratinocytes are produced and divide

Melanocytes are also found here

Dermis: thick layer directly under the epidermis containing nerves, blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, and receptors

Papillary dermis: loose connective tissue, collagen fibers, and elastin fibers

Reticular dermis: deeper, thicker layer made up of dense irregular connective tissue

Temperature regulation: normal temperature = 97-98.6 °F in adults

Outside this range → hypothalamus directs body to adjust and maintain homeostasis

Hypodermis: loose connective tissue and adipose tissue

Loose connective tissue: fibroblasts, collagen fibers, elastin fibers

Provides support and structure

Adipose tissue: made up of fat cells

Stores energy, insulates the body, cushions underlying organs

Integumentary cells/glands

Epidermis

Keratinocytes: skin cells

Langerhan cells: a type of immune cell that acts as the body’s first line of defense against pathogens

Melanocytes: cells that produce melanin

Gives skin pigment

Dermis

2 types of sweat glands:

Apocrine: their ducts empty to hair follicles and are found in axillae, groin, and nipple areas

Develop during puberty and secrete a fluid of proteins, lipids, and steroids

When bacteria breaks down substances → produces odor

Eccrine: releases watery sweat to epidermal surface

Cools down the body

Sebaceous glands: produces oil for hair follicles

→ lubricates skin and helps maintain moisture by preventing water loss

Muscle fiber types

Type I: red muscle (slow-twitch fibers)

Produces small amount of force

Contracts slowly, resists fatigue well

Highly vascularized, rich in myoglobin, lots of mitochondria

Designed for sustained/endurance activity

Type II A: pink muscle (combo of fast + slow twitch fibers)

Produces medium amount of force

Contracts quickly, and has medium resistance to fatigue

Smaller and fewer mitochondria compared to red

Balance between strength and power

Use for short to moderate duration activities like running, weight lifting, swimming

Type II B: white muscle (fast-twitch fibers)