1. Population and Settlement

Population of Kenya

55 Million

Population growth rate of Kenya

2.3% per year

Population Structure of Kenya

Youthful population structure

Percentage of Kenyans under the age of 15

40%

Fertility rate of women in Kenya

3.4 children per women

Life expectancy in Kenya

risen to 66 years

IMR in Kenya

Fallen to 28 deaths per 1000

Cities in Kenya experience overpop

Nairobi, Mombasa

Affect of large number of workers moving to cities in search of work

Overcrowding & informal settlements.

Benefits of large youthful pop

Demographic dividend - lots of young pop contribute to economic growth

Governmental strategies to reduce overpop in Kenya

Expand education for girls

Improve access to family planning & contraception

Investing in economic development & job creation

Population of Russia

144 Million

Pop structure of Russia

Ageing

Problems with ageing population in Russia [7]

Fewer young people to replace older pop

High dependency ratio

Shrinking Workforce

Pensions, healthcare, social services under strain

Lower agricultural output

Lower industrial productivity

Reduces countries potential for economic development

Causes for underpop in russia

High mortality especially among working age adults

Economic uncertainty

housing shortages

Lifestyle choices

Career Priorities

High rates of abortions

Limited access to childcare

Low life satisfaction

Life expectancy in Russia

72 years - 67 in men

Fertility rate in Russia

1.5 children per woman

Population replacement rate

2.1 children per women

Cities which people are migrating to in Russia

Moscow, St. Petersburg

Problems with rural to urban migration in Russia

Abandoned villages

Depopulated settlements

Governmental approach to prevent underpop in Russia

Pro natalist policies:

Maternity capital payment for families with 2 or more children

Housing support

Childcare improvements

Population of Bangladesh

170 million

Area of bangladesh

Roughly 150000km²

Result of overpop in Bangladesh

Pressure on resources, infrastructure and environment

Informal settlements

People live in poor quality housing

Limited access to clean water, sanitation and healthcare

High pop in low lying areas makes flooding and cyclones particularly dangerous

Causes for overpop in Bangladesh

Historically high fertility rates and cultural factors

Governmental strategies to reduce overpopulation in Bangladesh

Improved access to family planning, female education and access to contraception

Fertility rate in Bangladesh

Fallen to 2.1

Population structure of Bangladesh

Youthful

Life expectancy in Bangladesh

72 years

Cities experiencing overpopulation in Bangladesh

Dhaka and Chittagong

What do overpopulated cities in Bangladesh experience

Informal settlements

Pollution

Congestion

Area of Australia

7.7 million km²

Population of Australia

26 million (v low)

Why is the population concentrated to the coastal regions of Australia

The interior (Outback) is sparsely populated because of the harsh arid conditions and limited water supply.

Fertility rate in Australia

1.7 children per woman

What is population growth driven by in Australia

Largely migration

Government strategies to reduce underpop in Australia

Encourages immigration (skilled migration programs)

Incentives for families to have children

Regional development initiatives (attracts people overpop → underpop areas)

Population of China

1.4 Billion

When was the one child policy introduced

1979

Fertility rate in China before & after one child policy

5.7 in 1979 to 1.6 now

Population structure in China

Ageing

Dependency ratio in China

Rising

Result of one child policy

Fewer young people entering labour market

Gender imbalance (preferred boys)

4-2-1 problem

Elder people without family support

China one child policy over time

Past 2015 allowed 2 children

Pull factors for USA

Higher wages

Better living standards

More secure employment

Social stability

Push factors from Mexico

Low wages

Limited job opportunities

Poverty

Poor access to education & healthcare

Positive impacts for destination (USA) from origin (Mexico)

Provide labour

Low skilled workers

Supports economic growth

Negative impacts for destination (USA) from origin (Mexico)

Pressure on housing, healthcare and education

Social tension

Negative impacts for origin (Mexico) to destination (USA)

Labour shortages

Ageing populations (young people move)

Family disruption

Positive impacts for origin (Mexico) to destination (USA)

Remittances support economy and help family

Leads to improved income

Access to education & other services for those back home

Efforts from USA to limit flow of migrants

Visa regulations

Work permits

Border enforcement

Efforts from Mexico to support migration to USA

Ensure works rights abroad

Facilitate remittances

Population of Japan

125 Million

Percent of people aged 65 and over in Japan

28%

Causes for Japan’s ageing population

Low fertility rates

High life expectancy

Fertility rate in Japan

1.3 children per woman

Life expectancy in Japan

85

Problems with Japan’s ageing population

Shrinking workforce

Reduced economic productivity

Slower Growth

Increasing dependency ratio

Governmental stratagies to manage the challenges of an ageing population in Japan.

Raising retirement age

Promoting elderly employment

Increasing childcare support

Investing in robotics and automation to replace some labour shortages

Population density of Russia

Can be fewer than 5 per km²

Population density of Bangladesh

often exceeds 1,200 per km²

Chichester site and situation

South East England

Easy access to A27 & A259

Proximity to Portsmouth

Nucleated settlement

Wet-point site

Issues with Chichester

Old, historic city center along with modern, higher order services such as cathedral, shops and healthcare contributes to:

traffic congestion

competition for housing

Stratford site & situdation

East London

Causes for Stratford rapid expansion

Olympic development project

Turned brownfield site to residential and commercial areas

Population of Rocinha

aprox 100,000 - 150,000 people

Causes for informal settlements in Rio De Janeiro

Rapid migration in search for work

Shortages of affordable housing

Problems with Rocinha

Overcrowding

Poor sanitation

Limited healthcare

High crime rates

Gang activity (Red Command Gang)

What do people do for work in Rocinha

Informal work:

Small-scale trading

Domestic services

Problems with low paying jobs in Rocinha

Cannot afford education, healthcare or improvements for life

Environmental risks with Rocinha and explanations

Vulerable to:

Landslides,

Flooding,

Pollution

Because:

Steep hillsides and poor drainage exacerbate mass movement.

What is being done to reduce the environmental risks in Rocinha

Waste collection

Hillside stabilisation

Improved drainage systems

What is the government doing in Rocinha to reduce crime

Pacification Programme: → Safter streets

Police occupation of favellas

Dismantling of gang control

Curitiba site and situation

Southern Brazil

Curitiba population

2 million people

Prioritisations made in urban growth in Curitiba

Sustailable development

Efficient public transport → reduce traffic congestion & pollution

Environmental management → reduce environmental degradation

Main strategies in Curitiba

Bus rapid Transit (BRT) system → Dedicated bus lanes

Green spaces and parks positioned in flood-prone areas → Reduces urban flooding

Curbside recycling programmes → Reduce waste

Apartments replaced with low density neigbourhoods

What percent of people use public transport in Curitiba

70%

What percent of people have access to proper sanitation in Curitiba

90%