ap psych review unit 4

dispositional attributions

internal factors such as a person's intelligence, attitude, personality that impacts someone

situtational attributions

external factors such as weather, world life events that impacts someoone

attribution theory

how ppl interpret/explain cause or behavior, helps us recognize our thought process and biases

self serving bias

when success happens u attribute to internal factors and fail to attribute to external factors

actor observer bias

use situation attribution to explain our actions but use dispositional attributions to explain someone else's actions

fundamental attrubution error

tendency to overemphasize internal factors when judging others behaviors, underestimates importance of situational factors

explanatory style

way an individual explains/rationalizes different events/situation

locus of control

who/what an indivudal belives have power over events in their life

external locus of control

feels that outside factors, situational factors determine outcome of different events in their lives

internal locus of control

individual believes their actions directly effect what happens to them

person perception

how an individual forms impression of other ppl and sometimes themselves

mere exposure effect

individual repeadly exposed to stimulus, resulting in the individual to like the stimulus more over time

self-fulfilling prophecy

a person's expectations influence their behavior in a way that causes those expectations to come true

projective personality tests

psychological assessments that use ambiguous stimuli to reveal an individual’s unconscious thoughts, emotions, and internal conflicts

social comparsion

humans evaluate ourself by comparing our circumstances, skills, abilities, internal to other ppl

upward social comparsion

when an individual compares themselves to someone they belive is better off

relative deprevation

feeling that you dont have enough resources than others

attiutude

how an indivudual thinks, feels, behaves towards a person, object, situation, idea

explicit attitude

belifs the indivdual is aware of

implict attidude

uncocnsious, wont realize they have these beliefs

example of implicit attitude

belives in gender equality but unconciously belives that men are more trustworthy as lawyers compared to women

just world phenomenom

tendency for ppl to belive that the world is just and that things are the way they are for a reason

victim blaming

an indivdual's misfortune is their own fault, can be resulted by just world phenomenom

out group homogenity bias

individual perceive members of an out-group as more similar to each other than they actually are

example of out group homogeneity bias

"soccer and basketball are the same sport! they both use balls"

out group

ppl are perceived to be part of a different group that individual does not consider to be apart of

ingroup

people who the individual percieve to have similar characterstics as

ingroup bias

tendency to favor/support people in your own group and be more critical to those outside it

ethnocentrism

idea that one's own culture/ethnic group is superior

cultural relativism

an individual judges another culture by its own standards, showing that no culture is superior to another

belief perservance

maintain a belief despite new info/evidence that contrasts

confirmation bias

focus on info that confirms to preexisting values

sterotypes

generalized beliefs abt a group of ppl

heuristics

allow a person to quickly categorize ppl, quicker judgements, can cause stereotypes

prejudiced attitudes

preconceived (-) attitudes toward a group and its members

discriminatory behavior

unfair treatment of individual based on group

explicit prejeduce

prejeduce that ppl are aware of and consciously agree with u

implicit prejudice

(-) feelings an individual has towards another person, group without them being aware of it

cognitive dissonance

mental discomfort, tension when one has 2 diff beliefs, behaviors

social norms

unwritten rules/expectations that guide ppl in society

large groups mean

a stronger pressure to conform

unamity of the group

if group has a similar response than individual has a similar response

group cohesion

when you feel a sense of belonging and acceptance in group you will conform more in group

authority in group

you will conform more to a situation/group that has an authority figure in them

collectivist culture

values group,family,society over individual, more conformity

indivdualistic culture

values indivudal accomplishments, achivements/resists conformity

multicultralism

multiple cultural groups coexist in society

obidence

how individuals respond to authoirty figures

dissent

other people are defying authority figure if victims are in close proximity

hindsight bias

claiming to "know it all along" even when u can't predict beforehand

overconfidence bias

when someone is too sure they r right then actuality

experimenter bias

researchers expectations, beliefs influence results of study

cognitive dissonance

mental discomfort when actions/attitudes are in conflict

normative

when you go along w/ a group to fit in

informational

u go along with a group becuz u believe they have better info than u

elaboration likelihood model is divided into

central route, peripheral route

central route

person focuses on evidence, logic for argument

peripheral route

persuasion is influenced by quick cues like attractiveness, emotion, credibility, less emphasis on quality of argument

halo effect

overall impression of a person influences how we think/feel abt them

foot in door technqiue

starting with a small request to a large request

door in face technique

large request to a smaller request

diffusion of responsibility

people are less likley to take action because they think someone else will

social loafing

ppl put in less effort when working in a group

Deindividualization

ppl lose self awarness/contol in a group, more impulsive behavior

spcial faciliatation

presence of others improves performance on simple/well learned tasks, hurt performance on harder tasks

false consesus affect

overestimate how many ppl agree with our belifs and behaviors

superordinate goals

goals that require multiple group to work together to achieve

social traps

when people act in short term self intrest/harms everyone long term

alturism

selfless behavior

social reciprocity norms

should help ppl who helped us

social responsibility norms

should help those who need it

bystander effect

how different situational factors can impact a person's liklihood to help others

psychodynamic theory

unconscious processes drive personality

ego

part of personality that makes realistic descions

id

unconcious part of personality, seeks immideate pleasure, avoids pain

super ego

internalized moral standards, pushes person to act to ideals

displacement

shifting feelings from real source to a safer target

rationalization

making excuses to justify behavior/feelings

reaction formation

acting opposite of how u truly feel

regression

reverting to childish behaviors when stressed

repression

unconciosuly blokcing out painful memories/thoughts

sublimation

channeling unacceptable impulses into positive/productive activities

projective test

open responses, dont limit test taker to a select group of responses

objective personality test

test that has limited awnsers and seeks specfic responses from test takers

unconditional regard

accepting/valuing someone completely without judging them

self actualizing

reaching full potential/becoming best version of urself

self trancedence

moving beyond ur own personal needs/identity to connect with something larger then urself (spirtuality, helping others, purpose in life, contribute society)

self concept

the way u think/understand urself, formed through expirences/interaction w/ others

social cognitive theory

personality is shaped by persons behavior, environment, personal factors

self efficancy

ur belief in ur ability to succeed

big 5 theory of personality

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

nueroticism

how likley a person is to expirence (-) emotions, emotional instability

drive reduction theory

how behaviors help maintain homeostasis, biological need creates and reduces drive

arousal theory

ppl are motivated to maintain an optimal level of phsyical arousal

Yerkes-Dodson Law

performance is best at moderate levels, too little/too much arousal leads to worse performance

self determination theory

ppl are motivated by intrinsic of extrinsic motivations

intrinsic motivation

motivation from within

extrinsic motivation

motivation from outside influence

incentive theory

role of rewards as an extrinsic motivation in driving behavior

lewins motivational conflicts theory

choices create conflicts we must resolve