Memory Unit AP Psych

memory

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

encoding

the process of getting information into the memory system

storage

the process of retaining encoded information over time

retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage

parallel processing

processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions.

sensory memory

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

short-term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, before the information is stored or forgotten

long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

working memory

a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

explicit memory

retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare."

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

implicit memory

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative memory.)

iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

echoic memory

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within a few seconds

chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

mnemonics

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

spacing effect

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.

shallow processing

encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

deep processing

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

hippocampus

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process for storage explicit (conscious) memories of facts and events

flashbulb memory

a clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

long-term potentiation

an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory

recall

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier

recognition

a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned

relearning

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response

mood-congruent memory

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list.

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

retrograde amnesia

an inability to retrieve information from one's past

proactive interference

the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information

retroactive interference

the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information

repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

misinformation effect

occurs when misleading information has distorted one's memory of an event

source amnesia

faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined. Causes many false memories.

déjà vu

"I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

semantic

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is episodic memory).

episodic

explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems (the other is semantic memory).

memory consolidation

the neural storage of a long-term memory.

cerebellum

plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning; playing piano after dementia

amygdala

two limbic system, emotion-processing clusters

encoding failure

failure of encoding between working/short-term memory and long-term memory storage; forgetting

storage decay

the forgetting curve is initially rapid, but levels off after time

retrieval failure

"tip of the tongue" unable to access long-term memories

basal ganglia

memory locker