Cellcycle

The series of events a cell goes through as it grows and divides

Cell cycle

The phase where the cell grows and prepares for division

Interphase

Cell growth and normal functions

G1 phase

DNA is replicated

S phase

Final preparation for mitosis

G2 phase

Division of the nucleus

Mitosis

Division of the cytoplasm

Cytokinesis

Chromosomes condense and spindle fibers form

Prophase

Chromosomes line up at the cell equator

Metaphase

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

Anaphase

Nuclear membranes reform and chromosomes decondense

Telophase

Structures that move chromosomes during mitosis

Spindle fibers

Region where sister chromatids are joined

Centromere

Identical copies of a chromosome

Sister chromatids

A control point where the cell cycle can be stopped

Checkpoint

Checks cell size, nutrients, and DNA damage

G1 checkpoint

Checks DNA replication for errors

G2 checkpoint

Ensures chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers

M checkpoint

Proteins that regulate the cell cycle

Cyclins

Enzymes that push the cell cycle forward

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

Programmed cell death

Apoptosis

Removes damaged or unnecessary cells

Purpose of apoptosis

Uncontrolled cell division

Cancer

Mutations in genes that control the cell cycle

Cause of cancer

A mass of abnormal cells

Tumor

Non-cancerous tumor that does not spread

Benign tumor

Cancerous tumor that can spread

Malignant tumor

Spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body

Metastasis

A gene that promotes cell division when mutated

Oncogene

A gene that slows or stops cell division

Tumor suppressor gene

A tumor suppressor gene that triggers DNA repair or apoptosis

p53 gene

A substance that increases cancer risk

Carcinogen

UV radiation, tobacco smoke, asbestos

Examples of carcinogens

Mitosis produces identical cells, meiosis produces gametes

Difference between mitosis and meiosis

Growth, repair, and replacement of cells

Why mitosis is important