Abnormal Psychology: Substance Use, Sexual, Personality, and Neurocognitive Disorders

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering substance use disorders, sexual dysfunctions, paraphilic disorders, schizophrenia, personality clusters, childhood disorders, and geriatric neurocognitive disorders.

Substance Use Disorders

Maladaptive behavior patterns and reactions caused by repeated substance use leading to significant impairment or distress, characterized by at least $2$ symptoms within a $1$ year period.

Tolerance

The need for increasing doses of substances to produce a desired effect, which increases consumption levels.

Withdrawal

Unpleasant and sometimes dangerous symptoms, such as cramps, anxiety attacks, sweating, and nausea, occurring when drug use is stopped or cut back.

Human sexual response cycle phases

The cycle consists of four phases: Desire, excitement, orgasm, and resolution.

Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

A condition where, for at least $6$ months, an individual repeatedly experiences few or no sexual thoughts, fantasies, or desires, causeing significant distress.

Female sexual interest/arousal disorder

A condition where, for at least $6$ months, an individual displays reduced or no sexual interest and arousal, characterized by a reduction in symptoms such as sexual thoughts, initiation, or responsiveness to cues.

Erectile disorder

A disorder of excitement where a man persistently fails to attain or maintain an erection during sexual activity; diagnosed partly via nocturnal penile tumescence.

Premature ejaculation

A condition where, for at least $6$ months, an individual usually ejaculates within $1$ minute of beginning sex and earlier than they want to.

Delayed ejaculation

A condition where, for at least $6$ months, an individual displays a significant delay, infrequency, or absence of ejaculation during sexual activity.

Female orgasmic disorder

A condition where, for at least $6$ months, an individual displays a significant delay, infrequency, or absence of orgasm, or is unable to achieve past orgasmic intensity.

Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorders

Dysfunctions not fitting a specific phase of the sexual response cycle, characterized by enormous physical discomfort, pain, or fear of pain during vaginal penetration for at least $6$ months.

Paraphilias

Patterns in which people repeatedly have intense sexual urges/fantasies or behaviors involving objects or situations outside usual sexual norms.

Paraphilic Disorder

A diagnosis applied when intense sexual urges/fantasies outside usual norms cause significant distress, impairment, or place the person or others at risk of harm for at least $6$ months.

Fetishistic Disorder

Recurrent intense sexual urges or fantasies involving the use of a nonliving object or nongenital body part, often to the exclusion of all other stimuli.

Transvestic Disorder

Fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving dressing in clothes of the opposite sex to achieve sexual arousal, typically in heterosexual males without transgender feelings.

Exhibitionistic Disorder

Arousal derived from the exposure of genitals in a public setting, usually beginning before age $18$ and most common in men.

Voyeuristic Disorder

Repeated and intense sexual urges to observe people as they undress or to spy on couples having intercourse, where the risk of discovery often adds to excitement.

Frotteuristic Disorder

Recurrent and intense fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving touching and rubbing against a nonconsenting person, often involving fantasies of a caring relationship.

Pedophilic Disorder

Repeated and intense sexual urges or fantasies about watching, touching, or engaging in sexual acts with children.

Sexual Masochism Disorder

Fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving the act or thought of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer.

Sexual Sadism Disorder

Repeated, intense sexual arousal from fantasies or behaviors involving the thought or act of psychological or physical suffering of another individual.

Schizophrenia

A psychotic disorder where functioning deteriorates due to unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor irregularities; symptoms must continue for $6$ months or more.

Positive Symptoms

Pathological excesses or bizarre additions to behavior (Type $1$ schizophrenia) including delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, and hallucinations.

Loose associations

Also called derailment; the most common form of disorganized thinking where a person rapidly shifts from one topic to another believing their incoherent statements make sense.

Neologisms

Made-up words that typically have meaning only to the person using them.

Inappropriate affect

Emotions that are unsuited to the situation or undergo inappropriate shifts in mood.

Negative Symptoms

Characteristic deficits in typical thought, emotions, or behaviors (Type $2$ schizophrenia) including poverty of speech, restricted affect, and loss of volition.

Alogia

Poverty of speech; a reduction in the quantity of speech or speech content.

Avolition

Also known as apathy; feeling drained of energy and interest in goals, and being unable to start or follow through on actions.

Delusions of persecution

The most common type of delusion where individuals believe they are being plotted against, spied on, threatened, or victimized.

Delusions of reference

Beliefs where individuals attach special and personal meaning to the actions of others or to objects and events.

Schizoaffective Disorder

A disorder marked by symptoms of both schizophrenia and a major depressive or manic episode lasting for $6$ months or more.

First Generation Antipsychotics

Typical antipsychotics that mostly block dopamine; they effectively reduce symptoms but tend to affect body movement more, causing muscle stiffness.

Second Generation Antipsychotics

Atypical antipsychotics that partially block dopamine and other receptors like serotonin; less likely to affect movement but more likely to cause weight gain and metabolic changes.

Cluster A Personality Disorders

The odd or eccentric cluster, including Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal personality disorders.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A disorder where individuals persistently avoid and are removed from social relationships, demonstrate little emotion, and genuinely prefer to be alone.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A disorder marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd thinking, behavioral eccentricities, and bodily illusions; more severe than paranoid or schizoid PD.

Cluster B Personality Disorders

The dramatic cluster, including Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic personality disorders.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Persistent disregard for and violation of others’ rights; individuals may be described as psychopaths or sociopaths and show high rates of alcoholism.

Borderline Personality Disorder

Characterized by instability in mood, self-image, and relationships, along with impulsivity and potential self-harm; primarily treated with Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT).

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A condition where individuals are extremely emotional and continually seek to be the center of attention, often behaving as if they are 'on stage'.

Cluster C Personality Disorders

The anxious cluster, including Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorders.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Characterized by consistent discomfort in social situations, feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.

Dependent Personality Disorder

A pervasive, excessive need to be cared for, leading to clinging, obedient behavior and an inability to make small decisions without reliance on others.

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)

A childhood disorder diagnosed between ages $6$ and $18$ involving severe temper outbursts out of proportion to the situation at least $3$ times per week for a year.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

A disorder where children are repeatedly argumentative, defiant, angry, irritable, or vindictive towards adults and rules.

Conduct Disorder

A severe childhood disorder beginning between ages $7$ and $15$ involving the repeated violation of others' basic rights and physical cruelty to people or animals.

Relational aggression

A form of conduct disorder more common in girls involving slandering others, spreading rumors, and manipulating friendships.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A disorder appearing before age $3$ characterized by extreme unresponsiveness to others, lack of social reciprocity, and repetitive/rigid behaviors.

Intellectual Development Disorder

General intellectual functioning well below average (IQ score of $70$ or lower) combined with poor adaptive behavior appearing before age $18$.

Black Box Warning

The highest safety-related warning assigned by the FDA, alerting patients and providers to serious or life-threatening risks associated with a drug.

Delirium

A major disturbance in attention and orientation to the environment resulting in massive confusion that occurs over a short period of hours or days.

Major neurocognitive disorder

A disorder where cognitive decline is substantial and interferes with an individual's ability to be independent.

Mild neurocognitive disorder

A disorder where cognitive decline is modest and does not interfere with an individual's ability to be independent.

Vascular neurocognitive disorders

Cognitive disorders that follow a cerebrovascular accident (stroke), where symptoms begin suddenly rather than gradually.