HEALTH AND THE PEOPLE-INDUSTRIAL

What factors led to the development of the germ theory?

Individuals

War

Government

Science and Technology

Why did government lead to the development of germ theory?

The French government paid Pasteur to hire research assistants to prove the germ theory was correct

Government built sewers to keep streets clean and provide clean water

Why did science and technology lead to the development of germ theory?

Joseph Lister used carbolic spray to perform the first antiseptic surgery

Scientists developed first chemical drugs

Pasteur and Koch benefited from improved microscopes

Pasteurisation

How did individuals lead to the development of germ theory?

Persuaded bad air wasn’t the cause of disease

Wanted to be successful for their country

France recently lost the Franco Prussian war to Germany so both men were competing against each other for the medical break through

How did Louis Pasteur lead to the development of germ theory?

Published germ theory in 1861

French

Created vaccines

Germs caused disease in animals too by investigating silk worms

Proves milk goes off because of bacteria PASTEURISATION

Germs from the air cause disease

Using Kochs findings he developed a vaccine against anthrax

How did Robert Koch lead to the development of germ theory?

German

Made rodents sick to prove germ theory

Found specific bacterium that causes cholera

Isolated anthrax bacteria in 1876

Interested in Pasteurs work

Identified 21 diseases

Investigated tuberculosis by staining it to see it and so it could be photographed

Specific baterium causes disease proof to Pasteurs theory

How was war a factor to the development of germ theory?

Franco Prussian war 1870-1871

France vs Germany

France won

What are some early types of anaesthetic?

Herbs and alcohol

Speed

Laughing gas

Ether

Is chloroform an anaesthetic or antiseptic?

anaesthetic

Is carbolic acid an anaesthetic or antiseptic?

Antiseptic

Why did many patients die during operations?

Shock of pain and infections

What 4 things were surgeons doing?

Reused bandages spreading infections

Didn't wash hands before operations

Didnt sterilise their equipment

Operated wearing old blood stained clothes

How did Lister realise antiseptic worked?

reduced smell of sewage and destroyed parasites

How did people use carbolic acid during operations?

On bandages and used to treat people will compound fractures

Who was Harrah Greene?

Died of chloroform when getting a toenail removed

Who praised chloroform after child birth?

Queen Victoria

What is aseptic surgery?

Completely germ free surgery

Who discovered carbolic acid?

Joseph Lister

who discovered Chloroform?

Simpson

What is a positive of chloroform?

More complex operations can take place

surgeons could work slower and more carefully

What are the negatives of Chloroform?

Slower operations

When was the great stink?

1858 in London

Why did the great stink happen?

London was overpopulated and was a very hot summer so the thick layer of sewage made the smell unbearable

what closed dourn because of the great stink?

Houses of Parliament

How many people lived in London by the 1850s?

2.5 million

what did people believe caused the great stink?

miasma

when was the cholera epidemics? ( 4 outbreaks over what time period )

1831- 1865

the epidemic of 1848-49 killed how many people?

53293

who published a report and on what?

Edwin chadwick in 1842 'report on the sanitary conditions of the laboring population'

what 2 places did he pick to look at?

Liverpool and Rutland

what did his report show?

living Conditions in industrial cities were very poor as badly ventilated houses were dose wegether so disease spread quickly

working conditions were harmful as 12hr days were common in hot and dirty workshops

fresh food was hard to get

Doctors were expensive

water supply was hard to get and dirty

What methods did people use to to try and prevent cholera?

Burned barrels of tar/vinegar to remove bad air

Smoked cigars as protection against bad air

Praying

Wearing charms

Pills that granted protection

Cleaning houses

Chloride of lime arounc houses

Burning clothes or bedding of victims

What did people think caused cholera?

Miasma

Punishmenr by God

Where did John Snow identify was causing the cholera?

Broad street pump

How did Snow prove this?

Mapped out the deaths in detail by asking locals and then removed the pump

What was discovered near the pump?

Cesspit

Did everyone beleive Snow?

Not everyone

What were problems with the old sewers?

Designed to remove surface water

Who was in charge if making new sewers and what was his job called and when did he get it?

Joseph Bazalgette cheif engineer of the metropolitan board of works in 1856

Name important people who beleived that cholera wss caused by miasma

Florence Nightengale

William Farr

Edwin Chadwich

What scheme did Bazalgette develop?

New sewers using gravity to remove sewage from london but is expensive

Why did the government oppose his plan?

Sewage could flow back to London

Why did the governemnt change their mind?

Great stink in 1858 was unbearable

What shape should the sewers be?

circular to withstand pressure

what type of cement was used?

portland cement - hardens on contact with water to last many years

What happened in the Eastend 1862?

gas main fractured and exploded

rovirars workers cling too close to evilwars and sever collapsed

burried under earth and timber after collapse 3 survives 2 dead I missing

what was wrong with the reservoir?

sevage was entering water supplies

Why did William Farr change his mind about what caused cholera?

smell had gone but chovera had come back

Why did they do the right thing for the wrong reason?

removed smell to stop miasma but also removed sewage from entering drinking water.

what was bazalgette described as in 1890?

choleras deadliest enemy

who discovered magic bullets?

Paul Ehrlich but they were dangerous and inasectime

when did Pasteur leave charles Chamberland and to do what?

1880 to innoculate chickens with the germ what caused chicken cholera but he forgot so innoclated them after the summer and they didn't die as va.cinations were weakened