APUSH Spring term review

Virginia colony (Jamestown)

established in 1607 for profit by the Virginia Company

New England colony (Plymouth)

founded in 1620 by Separatists (Pilgrims) seeking religious freedom

Mayflower Compact

the first governing document of Plymouth Colony

Puritan beliefs

included "City upon a Hill" (model Christian society)

Deism

an Enlightenment-era belief that God created the universe but does not intervene in its daily affairs

House of Burgesses

the first representative legislative assembly in the American colonies

John Rolfe

a Jamestown settler who introduced a profitable strain of tobacco

Mercantilism

an economic policy where colonies exist to enrich the mother country by providing raw materials and serving as a market for finished goods

Salutary neglect

the unofficial British policy of relaxed enforcement of colonial trade regulations in exchange for continued economic loyalty

Great Awakening

a series of religious revivals in the mid-1700s that emphasized personal devotion and challenged traditional church authority

Colonial assemblies

local representative bodies in the colonies that often clashed with royal governors over the "power of the purse"

Albany Congress

a 1754 meeting aimed at colonial unity and defense against the French

French and Indian War

a conflict (1754–1763) that ended French presence in North America but left Britain with massive debt

Navigation Acts

a series of laws restricting colonial trade to British ships and ports to enforce mercantilist policies

Pontiac's Rebellion

a 1863 Native American uprising against British expansion in the Great Lakes region following the French and Indian War

Proclamation of 1763

a British decree forbidding colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to prevent further conflict with Native Americans

Stamp Act Congress

a 1765 meeting where delegates from nine colonies drafted a protest against British taxation

Townshend Act

1767 laws that placed duties on imported glass

Coercive Acts (Intolerable)

a series of punitive laws passed in 1774 to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party

Republic

a form of government in which power resides in the people and is exercised by elected representatives

First Continental Congress

a 1774 meeting of colonial delegates to protest the Intolerable Acts and coordinate a boycott of British goods

Second Continental Congress

the governing body that directed the war effort

Common Sense

a 1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine that used plain language to argue for immediate independence from Britain

Declaration of Independence

the 1776 document asserting that the colonies were free states based on Enlightenment ideals of natural rights and popular sovereignty

Saratoga

the 1777 "turning point" battle that convinced France to openly ally with the American revolutionaries

Treaty of Paris of 1783

the agreement ending the Revolutionary War

Articles of Confederation

the first U.S. constitution

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

a law establishing a process for admitting new states to the Union and banning slavery in the Northwest Territory

Shays’ Rebellion

an uprising of debt-ridden Massachusetts farmers in 1786 that highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

US Constitution

the 1787 framework of government that established three branches

Anti-Federalists

opponents of the Constitution who feared a strong central government and demanded a Bill of Rights

Federalist Papers

a series of essays written by Hamilton

Bill of Rights

the first ten amendments to the Constitution

Hamilton's Federalists vs. Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans

the first party system

Proclamation of Neutrality

President Washington's 1793 declaration that the U.S. would not take sides in the war between Britain and France

Pinckney's Treaty

a 1795 agreement with Spain that granted the U.S. navigation rights on the Mississippi River and the right of deposit at New Orleans

Whiskey Rebellion

a 1794 protest against a federal excise tax that Washington suppressed

Alien and Sedition Acts

1798 laws that restricted immigration and criminalized criticism of the federal government

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

documents arguing that states had the right to nullify unconstitutional federal laws like the Alien and Sedition Acts

Louisiana Purchase

the 1803 land deal that doubled the size of the U.S.

Marbury vs. Madison

the 1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review

Embargo Act of 1807

Jefferson’s policy of stopping all foreign trade to avoid war

Hartford Convention

a meeting of New England Federalists who opposed the War of 1812

Treaty of Ghent

the 1814 agreement that ended the War of 1812

American System

Henry Clay’s plan for economic growth involving a national bank

Missouri Compromise

an 1820 deal that admitted Missouri as a slave state

Monroe Doctrine

a 1823 policy declaring that the Western Hemisphere was closed to further European colonization

Jacksonian democracy

a movement toward greater political participation for the "common man

Nullification Crisis

a sectional crisis during Jackson's presidency where South Carolina attempted to declare federal tariffs void

Second Great Awakening

a 19th-century religious revival that sparked numerous social reform movements like abolition and temperance

American Colonization Society

an organization that advocated for the gradual emancipation of slaves and their resettlement in Africa (Liberia)

William L. Garrison

a radical abolitionist who published The Liberator and helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society

Transcendentalists

writers and thinkers like Emerson and Thoreau who emphasized intuition

Frederick Douglass

an escaped slave and prominent abolitionist orator who published an autobiography and the newspaper The North Star

Seneca Falls Convention

the 1848 meeting that launched the women's rights movement and produced the Declaration of Sentiments

Temperance

a reform movement aimed at reducing or banning the consumption of alcohol

Manifest Destiny

the 19th-century belief that the United States was divinely ordained to expand across the entire North American continent

Oregon Treaty

a 1846 agreement with Britain that settled the boundary of the Oregon Territory at the 49th parallel

Mexican Cession

the vast territory in the Southwest acquired by the U.S. following the Mexican-American War

Compromise of 1850

a package of laws that admitted California as a free state and included a stricter Fugitive Slave Act

Popular sovereignty

the policy of allowing residents of a territory to vote on whether to permit slavery

Kansas-Nebraska Act

a 1854 law that used popular sovereignty to determine slavery status in those territories

Dred Scott v. Sanford

a 1857 ruling that African Americans were not citizens and that Congress could not ban slavery in the territories

Republican Party (1850s)

a political party formed to stop the westward expansion of slavery

John Brown's Raid

an 1859 attempt to start a slave revolt by seizing the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry

Wilmot Proviso

a failed 1846 proposal to ban slavery in any territory acquired from the Mexican-American War

Denmark Vesey and Nat Turner

leaders of significant slave rebellions that resulted in harsher "slave codes" across the South

Harriet Tubman

a famous "conductor" on the Underground Railroad who helped hundreds of enslaved people escape to the North

Harriet Beecher Stowe

author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln's 1863 executive order freeing slaves in Confederate-held territory and shifting the war’s purpose to abolition

Sharecropping

a post-Civil War labor system where farmers worked land owned by others in exchange for a portion of the crops

Freedmen's Bureau

a federal agency established after the Civil War to provide food

13th

14th

Black Codes

restrictive laws passed by Southern states during early Reconstruction to limit the rights and labor of African Americans

Jim Crow Laws

state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the South from the late 19th century until the mid-20th century

Hayes-Tilden Compromise (1877)

an agreement that settled the 1876 election by giving Hayes the presidency in exchange for removing federal troops from the South

Dawes Act (1887)

a law intended to "Americanize" Native Americans by breaking up reservations into individual land allotments

Homestead Act

an 1862 law providing 160 acres of free public land to settlers who improved it

The Grange vs. Farmers' Alliance

organizations formed by farmers in the late 19th century to combat high railroad rates and advocate for economic reform

Plessy vs. Ferguson

the 1896 Supreme Court case that legalized "separate but equal" segregation

Railroad expansion

essential for creating a national market

Vanderbilt

Morgan

Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie’s belief that the rich had a moral obligation to use their wealth for the benefit of society

Labor Unions (Knights of Labor

AFL)

Strikes (Pullman

Haymarket

Industrial Workers of the World

a radical socialist labor union (the "Wobblies") that sought to organize all workers into "one big union"

Thomas Nast vs. Boss Tweed

the political cartoonist who helped take down the corrupt leader of New York City’s Tammany Hall political machine

Progressives

middle-class reformers who sought to use government power to address the social and economic problems of the Industrial Age

Du Bois vs. Washington

a debate over civil rights strategies: Du Bois sought immediate political equality

Charles Darwin

scientist whose theory of evolution was adapted into "Social Darwinism" to justify wealth inequality and imperialism

Jane Addams

founder of Hull House

Sherman Antitrust Act

a 1890 law intended to prevent monopolies and promote competition

Bland-Allison Act

an 1878 law requiring the U.S. Treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver certificates

Populist Party

a third party representing farmers that demanded the free coinage of silver

Margaret Sanger

a Progressive-era nurse and activist who advocated for birth control and founded Planned Parenthood

Progressive Amendments

the 16th (income tax)

Election of 1896

a battle over the gold standard vs. bimetallism between William Jennings Bryan and William McKinley

Gold Standard Act of 1900

legislation that officially placed the U.S. on the gold standard

Justifications for Imperialism

included beliefs in American exceptionalism

Yellow journalism

sensationalist reporting that inflamed public opinion and helped lead the U.S. into the Spanish-American War