Psych Final

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What are common problems associated with regular substance use?

many have short term benefits but long term negative physical and psychological effects. can become psycho or physically addicted, can affect social, education and occupational functioning.

What are the 4 pillars of addiction?

Fix/ hit- object of obsession, what gets attention

Manipulation, power, control, manipulate environment in order to get the fix

Self Centeredness- ambitious or Depressed, self absorbed either way

Isolation- fix takes more and more energy

What is tolerance?

need for increased amounts of substance in order to achieve similar affects across time

What is withdrawl?

indicates that the body requires the drug in order to maintain physical stability. lack of drug causes a range of negative consequences

What are the 3 ratings for substance use disorder in DSM?

mild (2-3), moderate (4-5), severe (6+)

What is a diagnosis of Severe substance use disorder usually referred to as?

addiction

What percent of males and females used illegal drugs / misused prescription drugs within the last year (Drug use prevalence)

22% male, 17% female

use of illegal drugs in rural vs large counties (Drug use prevalence)

5% vs 20%

Who is drug use highest among? (Drug use prevalence)

ages 18-25 39%, 26-29 34%

What percent of people use an illegal drug by the time they graduate hs? (Drug use prevalence)

47%

What are the three categories of drugs of abuse?

stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens

What are stimulants?

Substances that increase CNS activity and bp and heart rate

4 examples of Stimulants

caffeine, cocaine, nicotine, amphetamines

What are depresssants?

CNS depressants which slow the activity of body, reduce responsiveness, reduce pain tension and anxiety

4 examples of depressants

alcohol, opioids, barbiturates, benzodiazepines

What are hallucinogens?

psychoactive drugs which affect the users perceptions. either sharpen sesory abilities or create illusions or hallucinations

What are 4 examples of hallucinogens?

MDMA, LSD, PCP, cannabis

Across time, what gender typically has a higher rate of SUDs?

males

What is the lifetime prevalence of alcohol use disorder?

29.1%

What is binge drinking?

high intake of alcohol in a single drinking occasion?

What are the two stages of the effects of alcohol?

Initial effects of a drug may act as a stimulant, later acts as a depressant

What are some short term effects of alcohol?

stimulates GABA receptors (reduce tension), increase dopamine and serotonin (pleasurable effects), inhibit glutamate receptors (cognitive difficulties)

effect of large amount: significant motor impairment, poor decision making, poor awareness of errors made

What are common alcohol withdrawl symptoms?

long-term effects of heavy alcohol consumpton: restlessness, inability to sleep, anxiety and depression, muscle tremors, rises in blood pressure and temperature

What are delirium Tremens (DTs)?

the effects of withdrawal after extended heavy drinking over a number of years may become delirious, experience unpleasant hallucinations, exhibit shaking and muscle tremors

What are some long term health effects of alcohol?

malnutrition, cirrhosis of the liver, damage to endocrine glands and pancreas, heart failure, erectile dysfunction, hypertension, stroke, capillary hemorrhages, (red nose), destruction of brain cells

What is fetal alcohol syndrome?

heavy drinking by a mother during pregnancy causes abnormalities including physical deformities, heart problems, stunted growth, hyperactivity, learning difficulties

What are the risk factors for alcohol use disorders?

family history, negative affect, diagnosis of childhood conduct disorder, life stress, childhood life stressor, beliefs that alcohol have favorable outcomes

What are the two biggest social problems associated with alcohol misuse:?

accidents and crim

What does alcohol consumption predict per capita?

mortality from liver cirrhosis, mortality from accident and homicide, death from suicide

What is nicotine?

the active agent found in tobacco

What are common forms of nicotine?

cigarettes, chewing tobacco, snuff, in pipes, cigars

What does nicotine act as?

a stimulant, increasing bp and heart rate

What kind of physical effects does nicotine have?

calming effect by lowering self-reported stress, releases dopamine, elevates mood, decreases appetite and enhances cognitive functioning

What is tobacco use disorder most commonly comorbid with?

alcohol / substance use disorder, depressive, bp, anxiety, personality disorders

About what percentage of the adult global population smokes?

33%

How many cigarettes does the average male smoker smoke per day?

11

Who is tobacco use most common among?

white and hispanic youth, men

What are the consequences of secondhand smoke (ETS, environmental tobacco smoke)

higher levels of ammonia, carbon monoxide nicotine and tar. 40k deaths per year in the U.S.

What is the most preventable cause of premature death in the U.S.?

smoking

Death statistics related to tobacco

cigs kill 1,100 people everyday, 1 of 6 deaths related to tobacco use, kills 6 mil people per year worldwide, half of all teenagers currently smoking will die if they continue

What other problems can cigarettes cause or worsen?

Emphysema, cancers of larynx, esophagus, pancreas, bladder, cervix, stomach, cardiovascular disease

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and pregnancy complications

What is cannabis derived from and what is its active ingredient?

hemp plant, active ingredient THC

What does cannabis cause?

relaxation (at low doses), euphoria, sociability, sharpened perceptions and mild hallucination

What are the psychological affects of cannabis?

relax, social, shifts of emotion, interferes with attention, memory and thinking, hallucination and panic, difficult to regulate dosage, interfere with cognitive functioning

What are the physiological effects of cannabis?

bloodshot and itchy eyes, dry mouth and throat, increased appetite, reduced pressure in eye, increased bp, damage to lung structure

What estimated percent of the worlds adult population uses cannabis at least one a year? what gender uses it more?

3.3-4.4%, rates of daily use on rise in US, men more

What is the most frequently used illicit drug in the U.S. and EU?

cannabis

What two european countries have the highest cannabis consumption and what city?

Spain and France, Barcelona followed by Amsterdam

What are common risk factors for cannabis use disorder?

early first use, tobacco smoking, impulsive and unpredictable moods, conduct disorder during childhood, dependency on alcohol and other drugs

What is cannabis use disorder a risk factor for?

anxiety and panic disorder, major depression, suicide, schizophrenia, evidence indicates a causal link between cannabis use and subsequent psychotic symptoms

What are therapeutic effects of marijuana?

reduces nausea and loss of appetite caused by chemo, relieves discomfort of chronic pain in MS, neuropathy, has been used for glaucoma, seizures and asthma

Where do opiates come from?

Opium- taken from the sap of the poium poppy

What is the opioid term used for?

Substances that are at least partly synthetic

What do opiates increase?

Endorphin production

What are examples of derivatives of opiods?

morphine, heroin (currently most widely used) , codeine, methadone

What are 3 opiates legally prescribed as pain medications?

Hydrocodone, oxycodone

Fentanyl is approved by FDA for pain relief and anesthetic

Where do a majority of people obtain pain killers for non medical use?

prescribed by 1+ physicians, free from a friend or relative

How does tolerance build in opiate use disorder (OUD)?

builds rapidly and so users soon begin to experience withdrawal effects

What are common withdrawal symptoms included in OUD?

anxiety, restlessness, muscle aches, increased sensitivity to pain, renewed craving for the drug

What indicates opioid addiction?

compulsive, prolonged administration

What can people who can control their opioid use been labeled as?

controlled drug users or unobtrusive heroin users?

What are common psychological and physical effects of opiates?

euphoria, drowsiness, and lack of coordination, loss of inhibition, increased self confidence, severe let down after about 4 to 6 hours, stimulate nucleus accumbens, tolerance develops and withdrawal occurs

heroin and oxycontin: rush (intense feelings of warmth and ecstasy following injection)

What are some other negative effects of opiates?

many users resort to illegal activities to obtain money for drugs (theft, prostituation, dealing drugs), exposure to infectious diseases via shared needles (hiv, hepatitis), many die early from suicide, homicide, accident, overdose, lethal additives

About how many people worldwide use opiates?

19 million, .3-.4%

6.8 million pain med users for non medical purposes

over half a million people in US addicted to heroin

What do amphetamines cause?

Increase alertness and motor activity, reduce fatigue, high levels of energy, sleeplessness, reduce apetitie, increase heart rate

What can high doses of amphetamines lead to?

nervousness, agitation, irritability, confusion, paranoia, hostility

/What does methamphetaime cause?

chronic use damages brain, impacts dopamine and serotonin systems, reduction in hippocampus volume

What are affects of cocine (alcaloid obtained from coca leaves)

reduce pain, euphoria, heightens sexual desire, increases self confidence, blocks reuptake of dopamine in mesolimbic areas of brain

What is crack?

from cocaine but cheaper, became popular in 80s, crystal rock that is heated, melted and smoked

What happens during an overdose of cocaine?

chills, nausea, insomnia, paranoia, hallucinations, possible heart attack and death

Do all users of cocaine develop a tolerance?

No, some become more sensitive which may increase risk of OD

What are the effects of LSD?

hallucinogen effects: colorful visual, psychedelic trip, expansion of consciousness

How many people use LSD?

1-2% regular users, african americans less likely than others

What are flashbacks of LSD considered?

Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD), most common during stress

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What are the effects of ecstasy? (MDMA)

increase feelings of intimacy, enhances mood, increase muscle tension, nausea, anxiety and depression

What is the process of becoming a drug abuser?

positive attitude, experimentation, regular use, heavy use, dependance or absue

What are genetic factors that contribute to substance related disorders?

relatives and children of problem drinkers have higher than expected rates of AUD, ability to tolerate large quantities of alcohol may be an inherited diathesis, Asians have low rates of alcohol abuse

What do nearly all drugs, including alcohol stimulate in the brain?

dopamine system, particularly the mesolimbic pathway to produce rewarding or pleasurable feelings

What is a common neurobiological factor as to why people take drugs?

to avoid the bad feelings associated with withdrawal

What is the incentive-sensitization theory?

distinguish wanting from liking a drug, dopamine system becomes sensitive to the drug and the cues associated with it which strengthens wanting, brain imaging shows that cues for a drug activate the reward and pleasure areas of the brain

What is “alcohol myopia”?

tension reduction may be a result, user focuses reduced coginitce capacity on immediate distractions

What are psychological factors that cause people to drink?

people who expect alcohol to reduce stress and anxiety, positive expectancies

What personality factors can predict onset of substance related disorders?

negative emotion, desire for increased arousal, low constraint

What is the most common abused substance worldwide?

alcohol

What gender consumes the most alcohol?

men, but differences vary by country

When are alcohol and drugs used more?

When they are easily available

What are familial factors that lead to substance use disroders?

parental alcohol use, marital discord, psychiatric or legal problems in the family linked to substance use, lack of emotional support from parents increases use of cigarettes, marijuana and alcohol, lack of parental monitoring

What are sociocultural factors that influence substance related disorders?

social influence or social selection, advertising and media

What is detoxification treatment for alcohol use disorders?

Withdrawal from alcohol under medical supervision, may be necessary for those without social support or with other serious psychological problems, can be done via in or outpatient

What is alcoholics anonymous (AA) treatment for alcohol use disorders?

largest self help group for problem drinkers, regular meetings provide support, understandin and acceptance, promotes complete abstinence

How is couples therapy used to treat alcohol use disorders?

found to be more effective than individual treatment approaches. concept of codependency.

what is contingency-management therapy treatment for alcohol use disorders?

patient and family reinforce behaviors inconsistent with drinking, teach problem drinker how to deal with uncomfortable situations, relpse preventiom

What is motivational intervention for alcohol use disorders?

designed to curb heavy drinking in college

How is controlled drinking used as a treatment of alcohol use disorders?

believe that problem drinkers can consume alcohol in moderation, avoid total abstinence, guided self change

How are medications used as a treatment of alcohol use disorders?

antabuse: produces nausea and vomiting if alcohol is consumed, most effective when combined with CBT

What is central to treatment of substance use disorders?

detoxification

What are common psychological treatments for substance use disorders

CBT for cocaine, contingency management: vouchers can be traded for users who abstain, motivational interviewing or enhancement therapy: CBT plus solution focus therapy for alcohol and drug use, self help residential homes: non drug environment, group therapy, guidance and support from former users

What are some heroin substitutes?

synthetic narcotics: methadone, levomethadyl acedate, bupreophine, used to wean heroin users from dependence

opiate antagonists: naltrexone, prevents feeling high