Pharmacy Licensure Examination Review: Module 6 - Quality Assurance, Quality Control, Microbiology, Public Health, and Pharmaceutical Chemistry

This set of 500 flashcards covers key concepts from Module 6, including Microbiology, Public Health, Qualitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Quality Assurance/Quality Control as derived from the lecture transcript.

Which scientific discipline is defined as the study of organisms not visible to the naked eye?

Microbiology

What are the three main domains of living organisms according to the lecture notes?

1. Eukarya, 2. Bacteria, 3. Archaea

What is the typical size range for a prokaryotic cell?

$0.2-2.0\,\mu m$ in diameter

Which eukaryotic microorganisms are described as non-photosynthetic and can be unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (molds)?

Fungi

True or False: Viruses are a medically important domain of microorganisms.

False (They are not a domain of microorganisms but are medically significant entities)

What is the term for infectious proteinaceous agents that lack nucleic acid?

Prions

What disease is commonly associated with prions in cattle?

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Mad cow disease)

Which organelle is present in eukaryotes but absent in prokaryotes?

A true nucleus (and membrane-bound organelles)

Prokaryotic DNA is typically found in what form?

Single circular chromosomes

What is the name for the extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria that may carry resistance or fertility factors?

Plasmid

What are the ribosomal subunits for a 70S prokaryotic ribosome?

50S and 30S

What are the ribosomal subunits for an 80S eukaryotic ribosome?

60S and 40S

Which substance makes up the cell wall of fungi?

Chitin

What substance makes up the cell wall of plants?

Cellulose

Which sterol is found in the plasma membrane of animal cells?

Cholesterol

Which sterol is found in the plasma membrane of fungi?

Ergosterol

By what process do prokaryotic cells typically divide?

Binary Fission

By what process do eukaryotic cells typically divide?

Mitosis

What is the term for the movement of cytoplasm within a cell, characteristic of eukaryotes?

Cytoplasmic streaming

What structure do viruses use for their 'cell division' equivalent?

Replication

What type of asexual reproduction is used by fungi like yeasts, involving an outgrowth that separates?

Budding

What is the term for the ingestion of a prokaryotic cell by a eukaryotic cell?

Phagocytosis

What is the term for the ingestion of a virus by a eukaryotic cell?

Pinocytosis

What viscous, gelatinous layer is composed of polysaccharides or polypeptides and surrounds some bacteria?

Glycocalyx

What is the unorganized and loosely attached external layer of the glycocalyx called?

Slime Layer

What is the organized and firmly attached external layer of the glycocalyx called?

Capsule

Which staining method is used to visualize bacterial capsules?

Welch Method (Capsule Staining)

What are the reagents used in the Welch Method for capsule staining?

Crystal Violet and Copper Sulfate

What is the bacterial organ of locomotion?

Flagella

What is the term for the characteristic movement of flagellated bacteria?

Run and tumble movement

What is the term for movement in response to the presence of a chemical?

Chemotaxis

What protein makes up the flagella?

Flagellin

How is a bacterium described if it has no flagella?

Atrichous

How is a bacterium described if it has a single flagellum at one pole?

Monotrichous

How is a bacterium described if it has two flagella at two poles?

Amphitrichous

How is a bacterium described if flagella are distributed throughout the entire cell?

Peritrichous

What specialized structure for motility is found in spirochetes?

Axial Filament (Endoflagella)

Which part of the prokaryotic cell contains enzymes and storage granules in an aqueous suspension?

Cytoplasm

What are the specialized resting cells in bacteria that are highly durable and resistant?

Endospores (bacterial spores)

What is the process of a vegetative cell forming an endospore?

Sporulation (Sporogenesis)

What is the process of an endospore returning to a vegetative state?

Germination

Which staining method is used for endospores?

Schaeffer-Fulton Stain

What chemical compound is responsible for the heat resistance of endospores?

Dipicolinic Acid

What are the proteinaceous hair-like appendages used for attachment in bacteria?

Fimbriae (Common pili)

Which type of pili is used for the transfer of DNA during bacterial conjugation?

Sex pili (F pili)

What complex carbohydrate-protein polymer makes up the bacterial cell wall?

Peptidoglycan

Which type of bacteria has a thick layer of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid?

Gram-positive

Which type of bacteria has a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane containing Lipopolysaccharide?

Gram-negative

Who developed the Gram staining procedure?

Hans Christian Gram

What is the primary stain used in Gram staining?

Crystal Violet

What is the mordant used in Gram staining?

Iodine

What is the decolorizer used in Gram staining?

Alcohol

What is the counterstain used in Gram staining?

Safranin

What color do Gram-positive bacteria appear after staining?

Purple/Violet

What color do Gram-negative bacteria appear after staining?

Red/Pink

Which bacterial genus is an exception to Gram staining and requires acid-fast staining?

Mycobacterium

What waxy substance in the cell wall makes Mycobacteria acid-fast?

Mycolic Acid

What is the primary stain used in the Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining method?

Carbol Fuchsin

What is the counterstain used in acid-fast staining?

Methylene Blue

What color do acid-fast organisms appear?

Red/Pink

Which staining method produces colorless organisms against a dark background?

Negative Staining

What is the H antigen associated with in bacterial identification?

Flagella

What is the V antigen associated with in bacterial identification?

Cell wall

Which scientist first observed 'cells' in a slice of cork?

Robert Hooke

Who is known as the 'Father of Microbiology' and first observed microorganisms (animalcules)?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Which scientist proposed the Theory of Biogenesis ('Life could only arise from pre-existing living cells')?

Rudolf Virchow

Which scientist disproved spontaneous generation using the Swan-neck Flask experiment?

Louis Pasteur

Who is known as the 'Father of Immunology' for developing vaccines for anthrax and rabies?

Louis Pasteur

What heating process uses $60\,^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes to kill food spoilage organisms but not endospores?

Pasteurization

Which doctor introduced the importance of handwashing to prevent puerperal sepsis?

Ignaz Semmelweis

Who is the 'Father of Aseptic Technique' and used phenol as a wound disinfectant?

Joseph Lister

Who developed the pure culture technique and Koch's Postulates?

Robert Koch

Which scientist discovered the causative agent of Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)?

Robert Koch

Who discovered the first vaccine (for smallpox)?

Edward Jenner

Who is the 'Father of Chemotherapy' and discovered Salvarsan against syphilis?

Paul Ehrlich

Which scientist discovered the first antibiotic, Penicillin?

Alexander Fleming

What is the source organism of Penicillin?

Penicillium notatum (a mold)

Who discovered Streptomycin from bacteria found in soil?

Selman Waksman

What are 'cold-loving' microbes that grow between $5-20\,^{\circ}C$ called?

Psychrophiles

What are 'moderate temperature-loving' microbes that grow between $30-50\,^{\circ}C$ called?

Mesophiles

What are 'heat-loving' microbes that grow between $40-90\,^{\circ}C$ called?

Thermophiles

What are organism that require a high salt concentration for growth called?

Extreme Halophiles

Which term describes organisms that require oxygen to live?

Strict / Obligate Aerobes

Which term describes organisms that die in the presence of oxygen?

Strict / Obligate Anaerobes

What enzyme converts superoxide free radicals into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide?

Superoxide dismutase

What enzyme converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen?

Catalase

Which organisms use $CO_2$ as their primary carbon source?

Autotrophs

What is the name for organisms that grow best in high concentrations of carbon dioxide?

Capnophiles

Which growth phase is characterized by little or no cell division as the organisms adjust to their environment?

Lag Phase

Which growth phase is characterized by exponential logarithmic growth and rapid cell division?

Log Phase

Which growth phase occurs when the number of new cells equals the number of dying cells?

Stationary Phase

Which growth phase occurs when the number of deaths exceeds the number of new cells?

Death Phase (Logarithmic Decline Phase)

What type of culture media has an exactly known chemical composition?

Synthetic / Chemically Defined Media

Which medium is used to suppress unwanted microbes and encourage the growth of desired ones?

Selective Media

What is a specific selective medium used for the growth of Fungi?

Sabouraud's Dextrose Agar

What culture medium is used specifically for Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

Loeffler's Serum

Which culture medium is used for the selective growth of Neisseria?

Thayer-Martin Agar

What is the primary purpose of Enrichment Media?

To cultivate fastidious organisms or increase numbers of desired microbes to detectable levels

Which term refers to the complete destruction of all forms of microbial life, including endospores?

Sterilization

Which term refers to the destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue?

Antisepsis