CHW3M medieval era

what are some reasons a civilization may decline? (

• natural disasters

• war

• disease

• famine

• economic crisis

• population change

• migrations

• invasions

what is collapse in the context of the decline of a civilization?

• irreversible process that involves the loss of culture, social order, and government

• either rapid or gradual

• either reverts to a more primitive state, merges with another civilization, or disappears

what is the medieval period?

time between the 5th and 15th centuries CE. europe, parts of asia and africa experienced significant political, social, cultural, and religious changes

what are the sub-periods in the medieval ages? (3)

• early middle ages

• high middle ages

• late middle ages

explain the early middle ages

• 5-10th century

• fragmentation of europe

• viking invasions

• expansion of the byzantine and islamic empires

explain the high middle ages

• 11-13th century

• feudalism

• growth of towns and trade

• universities, scholasticism

• papal reform

• crusades

• gothic art

explain the late middle ages

• 14-15th century

• decline of feudalism

• rise of nation-states

• hundred years war

• great schism

• black death

overview of the medieval era in europe

dominated by catholic church, feudalism, roman-germanic culture, influenced by byzantine and islamic empires

overview of medieval era in asia

rise and fall of empires, development of religions (buddhism, hinduism, islam, confucianism)

overview of medival era in africa

emrgence of various kingdoms, influence of islam, christianity, indigenous beliefs

overview of medieval era in the americas

isolated, maya, aztec, inca, native americans

what was the most powerful institution in europe after the fall of rome?

the catholic church

why was the catholic church so powerful in europe?

• provider of education, record-keeping, law

• clergy were only literate members of society

• owned 1/3 of land

• authority over kings and emperors

why is the city of medina important?

• medina is where muhammad and his followers migrated to after facing opposition in mecca

• established a community of muslims

• this event is known as the hijra

what is a caliph?

• muhammads successors

• expaneded empire from persia to egypt

• establish arabic as language, islam as religion

• faced opposition over legitimacy, accused of corruption

define rashidun

• the first four caliphs

• “rightly guided” caliphs

what was the umayyad dynasty?

• founded by muawiya (relative of a caliph)

• took over the caliphate

• moved capital from medina to damascus

what was the abbasid dynasty?

• founded by abu al-abbas (descendant of muhammad’s uncle)

• overthrew umayyads

• moved capital from damascus to baghdad

• fostered golden age (culture, science, trade)

• promoted diversity and tolerance

how did islam spread?

trade, migration, missionary work, cultural exchange

what is the patent of muhammad?

a charter granting protection to the followers of Jesus

what was the original definition of crusade?

the pilgrimage to the holy sites of christianity

islamic empire had no problem allowing this

what are the crusades? (as we know of today)

• series of military expeditoins organized by western christians in response to muslim wars of expansion

• objective was to slow the spread of islam, retake control of the holy lands, conquer pagan lands

• 11th-13th centureis

explain the first crusade

• pope urban II called for the crusade in 1095, urging christians to liberate jerusalem and byzantines from the muslims

• crusaders were mostly french and norman

• marched through anatolia and syria, captured antioch and jerusalem

• established four feudal states in the levant region

explain the second crusade

• launched in response to the fall of edessa to the islamic empire

• led by king louis VII of france, emperor conrad III of germany

• failed to recapture edessa, suffered heavy losses

• unsuccessful attack on lisbon, unsuccessful siege of damascus

explain the third crusade

• triggered by the capture of jerusalem by saladin

• led by King Richard of England, King Phillip II of France, and Emperor Frederick of Germany

• recaptured acre

• failed to regain jerusalem

• ended with a truce between king richard and saladin, allowing christian pilgrims to visit jerusalem

explain the fourth crusade

• intended to conquer Egypt, diverted to constantinople (capital of byzantine empire)

• sacked and looted constantinople, damaging byzantine culture, weakening their defenses

• established the Latin Empire of Constantinople

explain the children’s crusade

• religious movement in europe

• claimed to have visions from Jesus to peaceful convert muslims in the holy land

• mostly children and poor ppl, marched to the mediterranean sea

• most died, didn’t reach jerusalem

• never had support from the pope, considered a myth