Human Anatomy & Physiology

ATI TEAS 7 TERMS

Cephalic

Head

Cranial

Skull

Facial

Face

Frontal

Forehead

Occipital

Base of the skull

Temporal

Temple

Orbital or Ocular

Eye

Otic

Ear

Buccal

Cheek

Nasal

Nose

Oral

Mouth

Mental

Chin

Cervical

Neck

Sternal

Breastbone

Thoracic

Chest

Mammary

Breast

Acromial

Shoulder

Scapular

Shoulder blade

Vertebral

Spinal Column

Lumber

Lower back

Dorsal

Back

Axillary

Armpit

Brachial

Arm

Antecubital

front of the elbow

Olecranal or Cubital

Back of the elbow

Antebrachial

Forearm

Carpal

Wrist

Palmar

Palm

Pollex

Thumb

Dorsum

Back of the hand

Manual

Hand

Phalangeal

Fingers

Abdominal

Abdomen

Umbilical

Naval

Coxa

Hip

Sacral

between the hips

Coccygeal

Tailbone

Gluteal

Buttock

Pelvic

Pelvis

Pubic

Pubis

Perineal

Area between anus and external genitals

Inguinal

Groin

Femoral

Thigh

Patella

front of the knee

Popliteal

Back of the knee

Crural

Shin

Sural

Calf

Pedal

foot

Tarsal

Ankle

What does Anterior mean?

Towards the front

What does Posterior mean?

Toward the back

What is the Superior?

Towards the head

What is Inferior?

Toward the feet

Medial

Toward the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

What is Proximal?

Closer to the trunk of the body

What is Distal?

Farther from the trunk of the body

What is the Sagittal Plan/Median?

Vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves

What is the front plane/coronal?

Vertical plane that divides the body into the anterior & posterior halves

What is transverse or plane/cross section?

Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior & inferior halves

Nose

Lets in oxygen, and out carbon dioxide

Nostrils

Lead to nasal cavity

Mouth

serves as a secondary external opening for air to enter and exit the body

Throat

tube starts behind the nose, goes into the esophagus

Larynx

Located a top of the trachea

Trachea

Windpipe from larynx to your bronchi

Bronchi

Two left & right main tubes leading from trachea into the lungs

Bronchioles

Smaller tubes that branch off bronchi & lead to alveoli

Alveoli

little sacks at the end of bronchioles

Right Lung has how many sections?

3 sections

Left lung has how many sections and why?

2 sections cause that’s where your heart sits. It gives the heart more room.

What is the two main functions of the respiratory system?

Produce oxygen & carbon dioxide exchange/get rid of excess

Name the parts of the hearts structure

• The heart has four chambers

• The left & right atrium

• The left & right ventricles

• The septum is the wall that separates the right and left sides of our chambers

What are the three major types of blood vessels?

Arteries, Veins, & Capillaries

What are the arteries in the Cardiovascular system?

Oxygen rich blood being carried away from the heart

What are the veins in the Cardiovascular system?

deoxygenated blood back to the heart

What are the capillaries in the Cardiovascular system?

The smallest blood vessels act as the crucial exchange site for oxygen, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues.

What does the term Systole mean & represent?

The phase of the cardiac cycle where the heart muscle (ventricles) contracts, forcing blood out of the chambers into the aorta and pulmonary artery.

What does the term Diastole mean & represent?

The phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood.

What is the Sinoatrial Node?

the heart's natural pacemaker, a small cluster of specialized cells in the upper right atrium.

What is the atrioventricular node?

The second of several components of the cardiac conduction/hearts electrical system. Not nearly as fast, back up.

What is the Bundle of His in the cardiovascular system?

transmits electrical impulses from the atrioventricular (AV) node to the ventricles. It acts as a bridge, allowing electrical signals to pass from the upper chambers (atria) to the lower chambers (ventricles), enabling synchronized, rhythmic contraction.

What is the role of the right and left bundle branches in the cardiac conduction system?

Transmit electrical impulses from the atrioventricular (AV) node down the interventricular septum to the ventricles.

What is the purkinje fibers?

Specialized cardiac muscle cells located in the inner ventricular walls (subendocardium) that conduct electrical action potentials rapidly, ensuring synchronized ventricular contraction and consistent heart rhythm.

What are the 5 main functions of the cardiovascular system?

1. Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body and removes carbon dioxide and waste.

2. Maintains body blood pressure

3. Regulates body temperature

4. Maintains the body’s pH

5. Transports hormones, fights infections, aids in digestions, assists in repair of damaged tissue.

Name the 7 structures of the digestive system.

1. Mouth

2. Pharnx

3. Esophagus

4. Small Intestine

5. Large Intestine

6. Rectum

Another name for the Digestive System

(GI) stands for gastrointestinal tract

Where does the beginning of the digestion begin?

The mouth

Small Intestine functions

chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

Large Intestine functions

absorbing water, electrolytes, and vitamins produced by microorganisms from food waste

Accessory organs of the digestive system

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Gastrin

Produced in the stomach and stimulates stomach acid

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

hormone produced in the small intestine and stimulates the release of enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver

Secretin

Produced in the small intestine and stimulates the production of bicarbonate by the pancreas

Insulin

produced in the pancreas and regulates blood sugar levels

Glucagon

produced in the pancreas and helps to release glucose from the liver

Bile

produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder - helps break down fat in the small intestine

What is the central nervous system composed of?

The brain and the spinal cord. This is the central command center where all communication and actions occur in the body.

What is the peripheral nervous system composed of?

nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and innervate the body. This system sends the signals by the brain to the targeted locations.

3 main Structure of the Neuron

1. Cell Body: contains nucleus and organelles

2. Dendrites: short, branch-like extensions that generate electrical impulses.

3. Axon: long extension that transmits signals to other neurons