Fall Semester Study Guide

Unit 1-5

Petrarch

father of humanism

Niccolò Machiavelli

better to be feared than loved, humanist political view, wrote the prince

Michelangelo

Italian renaissance artist, Sistine chapel and 17 foot david

Donatello

sculpture, original (bronze) 5 foot tall David

Raphael

Nice guy, school of athens

Leonardo Da Vinci

mona lisa, influenced renasisance art

Filippo Brunelleschi

founding father of renaissance architecture

Humanism

secular or rational way of thinking that focuses on individualism, revival of old classical texts vs scholastic ideas and texts

Johann Gutenberg

invented printing press/ movable type in germany

Impact of the Printing Press

spread ideas quickly such as humanism, renaissance and eventually the protestant reformation

Erasmus

dutch northern renaissance humanist, translated the bible, influenced Luther, wanted to unite classical ideas of humanism with christian ideal of love and piety

Thomas More

most influential english humanist, wrote utopia about peaceful society with no social hierarchy

Henry the Navigator

portuguese navigator started exploration of Arfican coast, wanted to spread christianity, began process of european colonization and the slave trade

Bartholomew Dias

Portuguese navigator who rounded cape of good hope

Columbus

sponsered by isabella and ferdinand, tried to sail to Asia/India but instead found the bahamas

Hernan Cortes

Spanish explorer who conquered the Aztecs and parts of Mexico

easy because of horses/guns, disease, help from native groups who were enemies to Aztecs

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered Incas and established Lima

Bartolome de las Casas

priest critic of conquerors, only interested in converting the native peoples, wrote the black legend to accuse Spanish conquerors

Martin Luther

Started the protestant reformation with his 95 thesis, believed in justification/salvation by faith alone, German priest

Anabaptist

Conrad Grebel founder - swiss, no infant baptisms, extreme reformers

John Calvin

predestination- already decided who will be saved/not, in geneva, Calvinism

Peace of Augsburg

ruler of the land (german princes) decide state religion, Lutheranism legal in Holy roman empire but not anabaptists/calvinists

lead permanent Christendom split

Henry VIII

had six wives, through act of supremacy declared himself incharge of church and created church of enlgand (pope would not divorce him and original wife)

Catholic Counter-Reformation

council of trent- treaty of Westphalia, new religious orders, reaction to reformation

against reformation, ignatius loyola create Jesuits- spiritual self mastery

baroque art emerge

Council of Trent

pope paul III, internal church discipline, reaction to reformation, no doctrinal concession to protestants

St Bartholomew day massacre

Catherine de medici convince king (charles IX) of huguenot coup(false) lead to death of many Huguenots in paris

edict of nantes

henry of navarre (henry iv) grant Huguenots freedom

William of Orange

oppose Spanish overlords (support Netherlands), believe in government before religion

mary I

(mary tudor/bloody mary) daughter henry VIII, restore england to catholicism (extreme)

Elizabeth I

government before religion (politique), bring back moderation to protestants in anglican church, deal swiftly against puritans (presbyterians and congregationalists)

The Thirty Years War

In the holy roman empire, both protestants vs catholics and luterans vs calvinists, 4 periods, ferdinand II (hre) vs fredrick v (bohemian/calvinist), every major european nation involved, by the end waring just to war

ferdinand II

holy roman empire during/started 30 years war, determind to restore traditional catholic faith to austria

treaty of Westphalia

ended 30 years war, restate peace of augusburg, netheralands and swiss gain independence

Charles I

Didn’t like pariament because it would not fund war with spain, petition of rights grant him those funds

1640 needed more funds war with scots, didn’t trust him, he invaded parliament and start civil war: cavaliers(king) vs roundheads(parliament)

petition of rights

parliament issue, Charles could can funds for war if: no taxing, no prison without trial, no housing soldiers (quartering), no martial law, WITHOUT parliament

oliver cromwell

reorganize roundhead army leading to success vs charles I, conquered scotland and ireland ruler as Lord Protector, establish PURITAN republic

The Glorious Revolution

parliament and William iii of orange revolt against James II (catholic), james flee to france, william iii and mary ii (james protestand daughter) rule

Bill of Rights

reinstate constitutional monarchy/parliaments power, limit power of the monarch, grant civil liberties of english privileged classes

Louis XIV

exemplify absolutism, king of france, attach nobles (domesticated them) to court at versailles

built palace of Versailles (cost about half france anual revenue), exemplifying baroque art, name himself the sun king, built army

make ministers preach divine right of kings (God chooses kings)

revoke edit of nantes- hugenots flee france

Peter the Great

absolutist tsar of russia, visit western europe and upon return westernized russia, developed navy, wanted warm water port to communicate with the west (got one in the black sea, got one is the baltic sea or gulf of finland), where he built new/westernized capital St Petersburg,

also establish Holy Synod: govern church according to tsar secular requiments

Mercantalism

Government regulate trade in hope of increasing national wealth (gold/silver/bullion), best way for a nation to gain trade

belief that there is only a certain amount of wealth in the world

colonies to provide resources to home country

The Middle Passage

triangle: europe bring guns to Africa for slaves, slaves taken west indes for sugar, sugar taken back to europe

cotton, tobacco, sugar depend of slaves

terrible/cruel crossing conditions (refered to as middle passage) many died

The seven years war

Fredrick the Great(prussia) invade saxony germany- creating alliances he feared: france and austria, plus sweden russia and small german states

fredrick end up saving prussia with england financial support and russia(peter iii) switch sides

ended with treaty of huberstusburg which gave prussia power

Copernicus

polish astronomer, sun centered model (heliocentric universe), wrote on revolutions of heavenly spheres

Brahe

Danish, mercy and venus arond the sun, moon/sun/planets around the earth, created lots of astronomical data

kepler

german, brahe assistant, abondoned epicycles, first model that portrayed motion of planets as orbits elliptical not circular

Galileo

italian, first turn telescope to the skies, popularize copernicus/helicentro system(apply math to it), argue nature display math regularity, problems with roman catholic church

Newton

english, looking for explanation to planetary motion, wrote principia mathematica, inertia apply bodies at resta nd motion, gravity, obverse before explaining

Bacon

father of empiricism and scientific experimentation, want people have confidence in themselves/abilities not people or methods of the past, believed in expanding natural knowledge, linked science and material progress in public mind, nature and the bible have the same author (God)

Descartes

father of modern philosophy, analytic geometry, develop scientific method relied on deduction (general to specific), mathematical model, publish discourse on method, conviction of his own reason, mind and body

Hobbes

born selfish, absolute monarchy, social contract right to life/property

Locke

born blankslate/rational, constitutional democracy, social contract- government to protect natural rights if they dont people have the right to rebel

pascal

made effort to reconcile faith and new science, allied with jansenties, better to believe in God and stake everything one it than visa versa, strengthen tradition religious beliefs

voltaire

question priest/morality of the bible, popularize newton, humans naturally bad, praise virtues of english (especially religious toleration), unsure of reforms permanence, pessimistic

kant

define enlightenment as mans emergence from self-imposed immaturity, through the application of reason men could earn the right to be fully autonomous adults when they were wno longer dependent on church/state to determine whats right, religious within the limits of reason

David Hume

inquiry into human nature, no evidence to support miracles of the bible

Spinoza

netherlands, set example of secularized Judaism, champion toleration, power of human reason to form ideas on traditional thought

Mendelssohn

German, Jewish Socrates, advocate entry of Jews into modern European life (Jews could combine loyalty with rational values), Government should be religiously neutral but still have religious distinction

encyclopedia

by Denis Diderot (and Jean D’Alembert) illustrate determination to probe life on earth, freedom of expression, designed to secularize learning

beccaria

Italian, on crimes and punishment, apply critical analysis to making punishment just, attacked torture/capital punishment, Utilitarian— purpose of law to secure greatest good for greatest number of people,

adam smith

wanted to abolish mercantile English system, best way to gain wealth to let individuals pursue selfish economic interests

founder of Laissez-faire — limit government role in economy, should still provide school/army/roads

montesquieu

Spirit of Laws- best form of government for a people depend on size/population/customs/etc, DIVISION OF POWER, monarchs should be subject to constitutional limits

rousseau

born good corrupted by society, The Social Contract, society more important that individual members, freedom=obedience to law, be good even if poor (loyalty to community), direct democracy, GENERAL WILL

wollstonecraft

demand liberty of women, accuse Rousseau limit womens vision with idea of different spheres which made women slaves to men, against of blind obedience

rococo

lavish/lighthearted , pastel, aristocracies of old regime, louis xv, idealized/carefree french aristocracy at play, boucher, romance

neoclassism

serious, return topic/theme renaissance art, hero/self sacrifice from ancient history, direct political criticism , stand still

Enlightened absolutism

central absolutist administration strengthened/rationalized at cost of lesser centers of political power

Fredrick the great

embody enlightened absolutism

Prussia

first servant of state, bc military/monarchy already strong able to talk abt reform/enlightenment, religious toleration but did favor protestants, merit vs privalge determine status, developed agriculture, wanted rationalize existing legal system, protect nobility interest (seven years war)

Joseph ii

eg enlightened absolutism

Austria,

passionless rationality, wanted extend territories, impose central authority, reduce hungarian autonomy, favor religious toleration but practicing catholic, sought to bring rom catholic church under state, josephinism- made priests employee of state, abolish serfdom, wanted all proprietors of land taxed regardless of status

Catherine the great

eg enlightened absolutism

Russia

german princess become russian tsar through peter iii, strengthen crown by making friends with nobles, left serfdom intact so she didnt upset nobles, take black sea coast from ottoman turks, crimea seized

maria theresa

eg enlightened absolutism

Austria (Joseph II mother)

building bureaucracy, expand education, concerned with serfs, devout catholic but not let limit her power