STUDY ALL (excluding most common fractures - end)

5 projections

How many projections for foot, fetlock carpus

4 projections

How many projections for pastern & hock

2 views

How many projections for elbow & stifle

1 view

How many projections for shoulder joint

Lower wavelength

UTS: For deeper tissue, should you use lower or higher wavelength of probe>

Convex linear probe

UTS: Examination of foot or pelvic region requires what probe?

Rectal linear probe

UTS: Examination of internal pelvic region requires what probe?

Signs of acute injury

UTS: What does loss of fiber alignment and decreased echogenicity indicate?

indicates chronic conditions

UTS: Increased echogenicity in horses usually indicates?

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)

Provides Sliced Images Of The Region Of Interest

proton density, T1-weighted and T2-weighted images

Most common sequences in MRI

Proton density

MRI: provides the most anatomic detail

Fat-suppressed sequences

MRI: used to evaluate edema in high-fat signal areas such as the bone marrow

T2-weighted images

MRI: emphasize the fluid characteristics of tissues and sensitive for detecting synovial effusions, cysts, and edema

T1-weighted images

MRI: highlight the structural characteristics of bones and soft tissues

Low-field scanners

MRI: can be used to examine standing, sedated horse

High field scanners

MRI: produce stronger signal and higher resolution pictures in a shorter time

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)

Technology that uses very small x-ray beams from many different angles around the body called slices that are reconstructed by computer to produce an image

CT scanner

Provides clearest image possible of limbs, joints, nasal passages, skull, sinus cavities and neck

Physiological imaging techniques

Production of heat emitted by the damaged or swollen area/part is used to measure the degree of lameness

Physiological imaging techniques

Provide images that reflect physiologic processes, assess metabolism or circulation

THERMOGRAPHY

Pictorial representation of the surface temperature of an object = degree of heat being emitted

THERMOGRAPHY

Non-invasive technique that measures emitted heat in the form of infrared radiation

Polyphosphonate radiopharmaceuticals

What is used in Scintigraphy (given IV)

SCINTIGRAPHY

Distribution measured by gamma camera which measures radiation emitted by radiopharmaceutical after distribution through the body

Polyphosphonate

Bind to exposed hydroxyapatite crystal in areas where bone is actively remodeling

Hydroxyapatite

Polyphosphonate bind to these crystal in areas where bone is actively remodeling

High levels

Scintigraphy: Inflamed tissues accumulate _____ levels of radiopharmaceuticals during the soft-tissue injuries

Accumulate in areas of increased remodeling or vascularity

Scintigraphy: During bone phase where does radiopharmaceuticals usually accumulate?

Lowest point of affected limb

You should begin the nerve block at what point?

Lidocaine

What drug is injected to the area that is suspected to be lame?

Level of pastern joint or below

Which part for palmar digital nerve block?

Abaxial surface of the base of proximal sesamoids

Which part for abaxial sesamoid block?

Level of distal ends of metacarpal bones

Which area is blocked for low palmar/plantar?

At level of proximal metacarpal region distal to carpus / tarsus

Which part / area for high palmar/plantar nerve block?

Proximal to the hock

Which part / area for peroneal and tibial nerve block?

10 cm proximal to the top of tuber calcis
10 cm proximal to lateral malleolus

How many cm is the injection site for tibial nerve?

0

Scale: Lameness is not perceptible under any circumstances

1

Scale: Lameness is difficult to observe and is not consistently apparent regardless of circumstances (e.g. under saddle, circling, inclines, hard surface, etc.)

2

Scale: Lameness is difficult to observe at a walk or when trotting in a straight line but consistently apparent under certain circumstances (e.g. weight-carrying, circling, inclines, hard surface, etc.)

3

Scale: Lameness is consistently observable at a trot under all circumstances

4

Scale: Lameness is obvious at walk

5

Scale: Severe; Lameness produces minimal weight-bearing in motion and/or at rest or a complete inability to move

Simple

Only one fracture line

Comminuted

Multiple fracture lines & pieces of bones have become separated

Incomplete

Cracks that involve only one side of the bone and though painful, remain stable unless they become complete fractures

Complete

When bone fragments separate

Greenstick

Bone bends and cracks instead of breaking completely into separate pieces

Stress

Small incomplete fractures most commonly in young athletic horse; Limb bones most commonly the radius and tibia

Stress

• Involve multiple bone cracks from a central focus, sometimes called star fractures

• Could become complete fractures

Compound

• Involve broken overlying skin, sometimes with broken bone and visible

• Treatment & repair more difficult; prognosis less good

Closed

Overlying skin is intact

Chip

• Involve very small pieces of separated bone

• Removal of chips via arthroscopy

Slab

Larger fragments

Joint mice

Small, separated chip fractures floating freely inside joint

Displaced

Where bone fragments have moved apart and there is a gap between them

Non-displaced

Have maintained their normal positions and only a crack is visible; easier to repair than displaced ones

Avulsion

Where a piece of bone is pulled away by the strong action of attached tendon or ligament; fractures difficult to heal because of damage to soft tissue structures

Hoof

Consist of coffin bone and pedal bone

Heel

back of the hoof

Quarter

side of the hoof

Toe

front of the roof

Bulb

bulge / bukol sa heel

False, no blood vessel (avascular)

T/F: The white line in the hoof has blood vessels.

True

T/F: The horse has no clavicle.

Chronic laminitis

What does ring formation in the foot indicate?

heat, swelling, pain

Palpate coronary band for ____, ____& ___ on pressure

1. Hoof pick

2. Knife

3. Testers

What are the (3) tools needed to palpate & manipulate the foot?

Entire sole & frog region

Which part of the foot should you use the hoof tester?

Dragging of the foot

When there is lameness, heat, swelling, and pain in the pastern what is observed?

Collateral ligaments

In checking for pastern you should rotate joint to test for pain in the _____ _____?

1. Dorsal & palmar aspects of joint capsule

2. Superficial & deep digital flexors

3. Sesamoid bones & associated ligaments

In checking for fetlock which parts should you palpate?

False: If animal is in pain, they will not flex the joints

T/F: If animal is in pain, they will flex the joints

Cannon bone

Metacarpal 3 (MC3) is also known as?

Palpate length of MC3 / MT3 & splint bones for any abnormalities.

Which part of the metacarpus/metatarsus should you palpate?

Carpus

Evaluation most effective when carpus is ____ ?

With thumb pressure

How should you evaluate the carpal bones & accessory carpal ligaments?

Forearm

Antebrachium is also known as?

Palpate bones of the radius for fractures

What should you palpate in checking for the antebrachium>>?

Crepitation

What is the sound produced when bones create friction?

1. Soft tissues of joint

2. Olecranon

3. Collateral ligaments

4. Distal humerus

What structures are observed when palpating the elbow?

1. Soft tissue of the scapulohumeral joint

2. Bicipital bursa

What structures are observed when palpating the shoulder?

Hock flexion test / Spavin test

What test if performed on the tarsus where the metatarsus becomes approximately parallel to the ground?

Change in degree of lameness or gluteal rise.

How can you determine if the horse is positive on hock flexion test?

Stifle

Which part of the body is the femoropatellar joint found?

Patellar displacement test

Which Test: Pushing the patella upwards and outwards to engage the medial patellar ligament over the medial trochlea

Cruciate test

Which Test: Evaluating cranial or caudal movement of the tibia to abduct the limb

Hip area

Which area has one of the most thickest muscle formation?

Femur

Which body part is the trochanteric bursa found?

Measure distance of tuber ischii to the greater trochanter & the tuber sacrale to the greater trochanter

In checking the hips you should measure the distance of which parts to the greater trochanter?

Luxation causes disparity in measurements

In hip: _____ causes disparity in measurements

Ilium

forms the dorsolateral part of the pelvis

Pubis

the smallest part and forms the cranial part of the floor of pelvis

Ischium

forms the caudal part of the floor of pelvis

Acetabulum

3 bones that is fused; where the head of the femur is placed

• Quarter Horse

• Paint Horse

• Appaloosa

• Thoroughbreds

• Arabian

• Saddlebred Horse

• Morgan

Give the breeds of horses performing gaits.