Demography Test

What’s the definition of Demography?

The study of human populations.

Define birth rate:

Number of births per year/population x 1000

Define death rate:

Number of deaths per year/population x 1000

Define immigration:

Number of people coming into the country per year/population x 1000

Define emigration:

Number of people leaving the country per year/population x 1000

Define natural increase rate:

Birth rate-death rate/1000 people

Define net migration rate

Difference between coming into and leaving a country.

Net migration = Immigration rate-Emigration rate

Define population growth

Combines natural increase and net migration to calculate the overall growth of a county’s population.

Population growth = Natural Increase Rate + Net Migration Rate

Define doubling time

Refers to how long it would take for a country’s population to double at the country’s current rate of growing.

Define the rule of 70

Process whereby you divide 70 by the population growth rate to estimate how many years it’ll take for the country’s population to double.

The three important stages are:

Children → 14 and under
Working Adults → 15-64
Older Adults → 65+

Define dependency load

The portion of the population that isn't in the workforce and needs to be supported. (The total number of people 14 and under and 65+).

What is Gross National Product? (GNP)

The total value of goods and services produced in a country plus income from abroad.

What’s Infant Mortality Rate?

The death rate of children between birth and one year of age in a given area, per 1000 births.

What’s Total Fertility Rate? (TFR)

An estimate of the average number of live births a woman can be expected to have in her lifetime.
Canada’s: 1.33
Stable Population: 2.1

What’s life expectancy?

The number of years a baby can expect to live.
(Canada)
Overall: 81.6
Male: 79.3
Female: 84

What’s Literacy/Illiteracy rate?

Literacy rate: The percentage of the adult population who can read and write.
Illiteracy rate: The percentage of the adult population who can’t read and write.

What is Employment/Unemployment rate?

Employment rate: Percentage of the population who’s employed.
Unemployment rate: Percentage of the population who’s unemployed.

What’s Human Development Index? (HDI)

The results of an annual ranking of countries with respect to life expectancy, years of schooling, adult literacy, and standard of living (purchasing power).

-More economically developed countries have an HDI close to 1.0.
-Less economically developed countries have an HDI close to 0.

What’s healthcare? (Doctors per 1000 people).

The number of doctors in each country per 1000 people.

What’s Population Density?

The average number of people living in a particular area, calculated by dividing the number of people by a unit of space (e.g, per square kilometre).

Urban Populations

The percentage of people living in towns and cities.

Cars

The number of people for every car.

Food Consumption

Average number of calories consumed by each person each day.

Safe Water

Percentage of the population with access to safe drinking water.

What are population pyramids?

Visual representations of population data.

What are the parts of a population pyramid?

Title
Right Bars: Males
Left Bars: Females
Age
Population Number (In millions or in % of the population)

What are the 3 types of population pyramids?

Expansive (Pyramid)
Stationary (Rectangle)
Constrictive (Downwards Triangle)

Name characteristics for expanding pyramids:

-They have a pyramid shape
-Large % of the population is in the younger age cohort
-Often representative of developing nations (whose populations have high TFR and life expectancies)

Give characteristics for stationary pyramids:

-They have a rectangular shape
-Life expectancy is high, death rate is low
-Typically consists of developed nations where birth rates are low and quality of life is high

Give characteristics for constrictive pyramids:

-They have a similar shape to beehives
-Smaller % of people in the young age cohorts
-Typically consists of countries with higher levels of social and economic development

What are some events that impacted Canada’s growth rate?

-1914 → 1918: Decreasing in population growth
-1930’s: Decreasing population growth
-1939 → 1945: Small increase in population growth
-1946 → Mid 1960’s: Significant increase in population growth

What’s the Demographic Transition Model? (DTM)

-Explains the changes in a country’s population over time through 5 stages
-Shows how birth rates, death rates, and overall population growth evolve as society experiences social and economic development

Describe stage 1: (High Stationary)

-Birth rates and death rates are high
-Causes of high D.R are due to food shortages and poor health conditions
-Stage 1 is associated with pre-modern times
-No countries are in this stage
-Type of pyramid is expanding

Describe stage 2:

-High birth rates, rapid decrease in death rates
-Causes of decreasing D.R include improvements in food supply and improvements in public health
-NIR → Rapid increase
-Countries in this stage are Kenya and Egypt
-Type of pyramid is expanding

Describe stage 3:

-Birth rates decrease rapidly, death rates remain low (slow decrease)
-Causes for decreasing B.R include lower infant morality and increasing urbanization
-Countries in this stage often have political and economic stability
-Examples of countries in this stage are Mexico and India
-Pyramid shape is stationary

Describe stage 4:

-Both B.R and D.R are low
-The population growth is stabilized
-Countries in this stage are often post-industrialized
-Examples of countries in this stage include Australia, the U.S, and Canada
-The population pyramid type is constrictive/stationary

Describe Stage 5:

-The B.R is lower than the D.R
-Pop loss occurs because there’s more deaths than births
-Examples of countries in this stage include Germany and Japan
-The population pyramid type is constrictive

Describe stage 1 of economic development:

Agricultural economies with limited technology and high morality rates.

Describe stage 2 of economic development:

Early industrial economies with improvements in healthcare and sanitation.

Describe stage 3 of economic development:

Urban economies with better education and family planning.

Describe stage 4 of economic development.

Highly industrialized and developed economies with stable or declining populations.

Describe stage 5 of economic development:

Post-industrialized economies with aging populations and low birth rates.

Describe stage 1 of healthcare development:

High birth rates and death rates, very basic or non-existent.

Describe stage 2 of healthcare development:

High birth rates, declining death rates: Early improvements in sanitation, vaccination, and basic medical care.

Describe stage 3 of healthcare development:

Declining B.R and D.R, expansion of healthcare systems and modern medicine.

Describe stage 4 of healthcare development:

Low B.R and D.R, advanced healthcare systems; widespread access to medical services.

Describe stage 5 of healthcare development:

Very low B.R and D.R, highly advanced healthcare.

Define Migration:

To move from one part of an area to another.

What makes people migrate?

-Individuals may choose to emigrate out of a country because of various factors (Push factors)
-Individuals may choose to immigrate into a country because of various factors (Pull factors)

Provide examples of push factors:

-Wars
-High cost of living
-Quality of life

Provide examples of pull factors:

-Low crime rates
-More hospitals
-Low cost of living

Define a refugee:

Someone who’s been forced to flee their country because of persecution, war, or violence.

Define an immigrant:

Someone who chooses to move to another country for a variety of reasons.

Where do immigrants settle?

Mostly in urban centers.

Why urban centers?

-Existing immigrant communities
-Location of jobs
-Better education prospects
-Living conditions - Housing

What’s GDP?

The total value of goods and services produced in a country during 1 year.

Describe stage 1 of GDP Development:

Low GDP, largely agricultural economy with limited industrial production.

Describe stage 2 of GDP Development:

GDP begins to rise with industrialization, but still heavily dependent on agriculture.

Describe stage 3 of GDP Development:

Significant increase in GDP due to industrial growth urbanization.

Describe stage 4 of GDP Development:

High GDP, the economy is diversified (wider range of sectors contributing to the economy).

Describe stage 5 of GDP Development:

Very high GDP with a highly advanced, service/finance based economy.

Describe stage 1 of Education Development:

Minimal formal education. Literacy rates are low, and education is typically informal.

Describe stage 2 of Education Development:

Basic education systems start to develop, though still limited.

Describe stage 3 of Education Development:

More widespread literacy, and efforts to educate both boys and girls increase.

Describe stage 4 of Education Development:

Highly developed education systems with universal access to primary, secondary, and higher education.

Describe stage 5 of Education Development.

World-class education systems with advanced research and innovation.

What are 3 things provincial and local governments need to catch up on?

-Health care
-Housing
-Social Services

What’s a scarcity mindset?

The fear that public resources are running out, making immigration seem harmful.