History l Review 3 - Jefferson The Election of 1800

Electoral College Results

• The Federalists were in chaos

  • Hamilton thought they could use an excuse for war to crush Republicans

  • Adams, knowing that America could not take a war, signed the Franco American Accord of 1800

• The Republicans won the election by mobilizing voters through string party organizations

• The Direct tax of 1798 cost the federalists support from farmers

• Party unity caused Jefferson and Burr to both receive 73 votes

  • The vote went to the House of Representatives where at first, the Democrats backed Burr before allowing Jefferson to win after he stated he would not dismantle Hamilton’s Bank 

Alexander Hamilton/Aaron Burr

• When Arron Burr ran for governor of New York in 1804 with the radical Federalist group, Essex Junto, he lost largely because Alexander Hamilton denounced him

  • The enmity between the two men ended in July when Burr killed Hamilton in a duel 

Jefferson Reducing Govt.

• Jefferson believed a true revolution occurred in 1800, when the Federalist Party had been overthrown along with its hated principles 

• Favored territorial expansion, an agrarian republic based on widespread scenic equality, and the spread of slavery

• Jefferson appointed officials with strong Republican principles to office. Arch-Federalist (People who were deemed guilty of misusing power) were removed and Republicans took their place

  • By 1809, Republicans held almost every position in appointive office

Midnight Judges

• Just days before relinquishing power, the Federalists passed the Judiciary Act of 1801

  • Enlarged the judiciary and packed it with more Federalists 

  • Quickly repealed

• Midnight Appointments were called this way because they were appointed Adams last day in office

Marbury vs. Madison

• Centered around James AMdison’s refusal to pay midnight judge, William Marbury

• Chief Justice, John Marshall declared that Court had no jurisdiction  (power) in the case

  • Judiciary Act of 1789: Granted power of Judicial Review 

Louisiana Purchase

• The Lewis and Clark expedition was initially a military mission

• Napoleon’s failure to reconquer the sugar islands (Saint-Domingue) ruined his plans for an empire in America 

  • Without firm control of the island, Louisiana became no use for Napoleon and he offered it to the U.S along with the rest of his territory for 15 million dollars to the U.S

    • Jefferson, a constructionist, became a pragmatist. There was nothing in the Constitution about acquiring foreign land or the incorporation of the new Americans

    • The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the U.S and offered space for the farmers 

Britain and Trade

• After Britain and France had resumed war in 103, the United States became enmeshed in the same quarrels over neutral rights, blockades,and most importantly impressment (The coercion of American sailors into the British army) 

• U.S. merchants and shippers took advantage of the European war. Despite the blockades, the U.S reaped handsome profits from trading across Europe 

Impressment

• Almost dragged the U.S into war in the 1790’s 

• The coercion of American sailors into the British navy

Chesapeake

• Attack in 1807 by the British ship Leopard on the American ship Chesapeake

• Despite the outcry for war, Jefferson knew that the U.S was underprepared and also believed that international law should settle disputes between countries 

Embargo Act of 1807

• A last resort to avoid war as well as a show of republicanism

  • A “Peaceful Coercion”, prohibited U.S ships from leaving port to any nation until Britain and France repealed trading restrictions on neutral ships

  • The premise was that since Europe was so dependent on the U.S for food and materials, they would do the U.S’s bidding if faced with the cutoff

• The U.S export trade and profits dried up completely

  • New England Shippers were particularly hit hard 

• Drove the country into a depression and allowed for a Federalist revival

Native Conflicts (Tecumseh)

• A Shawnee Chief who, along with his brother, the Prophet Tenkswata, channeled Indian outrage and unified tribes throughout the West for a stand against the white invaders 

• After the Battle of Tippecanoe, Prophet town was destroyed and Tecumseh joined forces with the British 

• After he died, the Indian war movement died along with it

War Hawks

• 40ish prowar congressmen that were younger men from the South and West] Led by John Calhoun and Henry Clay

• Clay helped build support for Madison's aggressiveness against the British war movement