Hematology Test 1

blood

the life-maintaining fluid that circulates in the body’s vasculature (veins, arteries, capillaries, heart)

hematology

the study of blood

nourishments, electrolytes, hormones, vitamins, antibodies, heat, oxygen

blood provides tissues with…

waste, carbon dioxide

blood removes…

plasma

liquid portion of blood with clotting factors intact

• erythrocytes (RBCs)

• leukocytes (WBCs)

  • agranulocytes

    • monocytes

    • lymphocytes

  • granulocytes

    • eosinophils

    • basophils

    • neutrophils

• thrombocytes (platelets)

• chemicals

  • carbohydrates

  • proteins

  • hormones

• gasses

  • oxygen

  • carbon dioxide

  • nitrogen

*all suspended in plasma

blood is made of…

hematopoiesis

the production of cells

leukopoiesis

the production of leukocytes (WBCs)

erythropoiesis

the production of erythrocytes (RBCs)

thrombopoiesis

the production of thrombocytes (platelets)

cytokines

a broad category of small proteins important in cell signaling

myeloid or lymphoid

stem cells differentiate into ________ or ________ in response to cytokines

pluripotent stem cell

all blood cells in the bone marrow arise from the same stem cell

bone marrow (primary), spleen, liver, lymph nodes, kidney, stomach (stomach wall), thymus

organs involved in hematopoiesis

erythropoietin

the primary cytokine responsible for production of RBCs

kidneys

where is erythropoietin made?

leukopoietin

the primary cytokines responsible for production of WBCs

thrombopoietin

the primary cytokines responsible for production of platelets

1. cells get smaller as they mature

2. nucleus gets smaller until it completely disappears

3. cytoplasm turns from dark blue / purple to red

three characteristics of erythropoiesis

polychromatophil

reticulocyte, aka…

rubriblast → prorubricyte → rubricyte → metarubricyte → reticulocyte

list the stages of erythropoiesis from least to most mature

granulopoiesis

the production of granulocytes

1. maturation of the granulocytes

2. cells get smaller as they mature

3. nucleus starts out oval & then segments out with maturity

three characteristics of granulopoiesis

myeloblast → promyelocyte → myelocyte → metamyelocyte → band

list the stages of granulopoiesis from least to most mature

• eosinophil = red / orange

• basophil = purple / black

• neutrophil = pale pink / clear

describe the granule color of eosinophils vs. basophils vs. neutrophils

agranulopoiesis

the production of agranulocytes

• maturation of agranulocytes

• not as complex as erythropoiesis & granulopoiesis

two characteristics of agranulopoiesis

monopoiesis

the production of monocytes

myeloblasts

monoblasts look exactly like…

two

monoblasts divide into ___ promonocytes

• large cell with oval to indented nucleus with lacy chromatin pattern

• small grey-blue cytoplasm amount

• mature into monocytes

describe promonocytes

• multiple indentations in the nucleus

• a bluish-gray cytoplasm; vacuoles present in the cytoplasm

describe monocytes

monoblast → promonocyte → monocyte

list the stages of monopoiesis from least to most mature

lymphopoiesis

the production of lymphocytes

lymphoblast → prolymphocyte → lymphocyte

list the stages of lymphopoiesis from least to most mature

bone marrow & lymph nodes

where do lymphocytes develop?

prolymphocytes

B-cells & T-cells mature from…

myeloid (same as RBCs & WBCs)

which stem cell do platelets develop from?

lymphoid

which stem cell do lymphocytes develop from?

megakaryoblast → promegakaryocyte → megakaryocyte

list the stages of thrombopoiesis from least to most mature

megakaryocytes

what is the precursor for thrombocytes?

extremely large cells with dark purple, segmented nucleus (may have multiple nuclei); light, moth-eaten or fuzzy cytoplasm

describe the morphology of megakaryocytes

small, lack a nucleus, fuzzy, may have tendrils

describe the morphology of thrombocytes

proplatelets

structures within the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes, they break off or fragment into platelets (thrombocytes)

1. phagocytosis

2. release of various cytokines & immunoglobulins for immunity

3. antibody production

list 3 functions of leukocytes

defense

each type of WBC has a different role to play in ________ of the body

• granulocytes

  • neutrophils

  • basophils

  • eosinophils

• agranulocytes

  • monocytes

  • lymphocytes

describe the classifications of leukocytes

-penia

suffix for decreased number of cells in the blood

-philia or -cytosis

suffix(es) for increased number of cells in the blood

left shift

increased number of immature neutrophils (bands) in the blood

leukemia

neoplastic cells in the blood or marrow

leukemoid response

condition that can be mistaken for leukemia, characterized by leukocytosis (ex. severe infections, malignancies, hemorrhages, and hemolytic disorders)

neutrophils

most abundant WBC in circulation (excluding ruminants)

1. associated with acute inflammation

2. phagocytize foreign materials & microbes

two functions of neutrophils

• lobed nucleus of 3-5 segments

• pale pink cytoplasm w/ pale pink granules

describe the morphology of neutrophils

segs or PMNs

neutrophils, aka…

bands

immature neutrophils, aka…

true

true / false: bands are not as common as segs in peripheral blood

• non-segmented, horseshoe-shaped nucleus

• pale pink cytoplasm w/ pale pink granules

describe the morphology of immature neutrophils

heterophils

non-mammalian version of neutrophils (also found in rabbits)

• segmented nucleus (~4)

• pale pink cytoplasm

• pink & purple granules

describe the morphology of heterophils

• 5 or more lobes

• most common abnormality

• indicates advanced age of cell

• abnormal neutrophils production

• some neoplasias

• corticosteriod treatment

• inherited conditions

nuclear hypersegmentation

• Pelger-Huet anomaly

• 1 to 2 lobes (“eyeglass” appearance)

• associated with…

  • normal inflammation (rare)

  • congenital defects

    • aussies

    • can also be seen in arabian horses, rabbits, and cats (rare)

• heterozygous is harmless (most common), homozygous is fatal (very rare)

nuclear hyposegmentation

toxic changes

most common disease-induced change (typically seen in left shift)

Dohle bodies

• remnants of endoplasmic reticulum

• can be seen in healthy cats

• can be from storage (storage artifact)

often the first toxic change seen

inflammation, infection, drug toxicity

toxic changes are associated with…

• cytoplasmic basophilia

• gigantism

• Dohle bodies

• vacuoles, foamy cytoplasm

• toxic granules (more common in large animals)

• ring form (donut-shaped nucleus) (can be seen with chronic leukemia of granulocytes)

types of toxic changes…

Barr bodies

• “chicken wing” type protrusion from the nucleus of cells

• benign; tied to the X chromosome

inclusion seen only in females

smudge cells (aka basket cells)

ruptured WBCs

leukemia

large numbers of smudge cells are associated with…