2. Alexander II - ‘the Great Reformer’

What was Alexander II known for?

He was known as 'the great reformer' for initiating significant reforms in Russia.

What was Alexander II's educational background?

He was staggeringly well-educated, learned to speak five languages, and became adept in military finance and diplomacy.

What significant role did Alexander II play during the Crimean War?

He was in charge of running Russia while Nicolay led in the Crimean War.

What was the main goal of Alexander II's reforms?

To abolish serfdom and modernize Russia's systems.

When was the Emancipation Edict announced?

It was announced on March 30, 1861.

What were the terms of the Emancipation Edict?

Serfs were to be freed but had to pay redemption payments to landowners for their freedom.

What was the impact of the Emancipation Edict on the nobility?

Nobles had to donate land and resources for infrastructure and education.

What were the effects of emancipation on peasants?

It led to the development of kulaks, some industrialization, and increased peasant revolts.

What military reforms did Dmitry Milyutin implement?

He reduced conscription service from 25 years to 15, improved leadership through military colleges, and established a merit-based system.

What local government reforms were introduced under Nikolai Milyutin?

Zemstvas were created, allowing local governance by elected officials.

What judicial reforms were enacted in 1864?

A new judicial system was established, ensuring 'innocent until proven guilty' and allowing all to employ lawyers.

What changes occurred in education during Alexander II's reign?

Responsibility for education shifted from the church to the state, increasing student numbers significantly.

What was the impact of censorship during Alexander II's rule?

Restrictions were reduced, allowing foreign publications with government permission.

What was the significance of the Decembrist Revolt?

It was a failed coup d'état led by liberal revolutionaries against Nicholas I after Alexander I's death.

What agricultural challenges did the Russian Empire face?

Agriculture lagged behind technologically, and there were efforts to improve farming techniques through the Free Economic Society.

What was the Black Earth Belt's role in Russian agriculture?

It was a key area for cereal production, contributing to Russia's status as a major wheat exporter.

What was the global significance of Russian wheat exports by 1936?

Russia accounted for 36.4% of global wheat exports despite low efficiency.

What was the relationship between Alexander II's reforms and the nobility?

He aimed to appease the nobility while implementing reforms, which included redemption payments.

How did Alexander II's reforms affect the status quo in Russia?

They altered the balance of power between the nobility and the state, giving more power to the Tsar.

What was the outcome of the Polish Revolt during Alexander II's reign?

It led to increased restrictions on Jews and foreign influences in Russia.

What was the significance of the phrase 'reform from above' in relation to Alexander II?

It reflects his approach to initiating reforms without direct pressure from below.