Chemistry flame tests, precipitates, indicators

Lithium flame test (Li⁺)

Crimson

Sodium flame test (Na⁺)

Yellow

Potassium flame test (K⁺)

Lilac

Calcium flame test (Ca²⁺)

Brick red

Copper flame test (Cu²⁺)

Blue green

Cu²⁺ after sodium hydroxide NaOH

• 3-5 drops: solid bright blue solid settled at the bottom

• 1cm³: Deep blue with deep blue precipitate

Fe³⁺ after NaOH

• 3-5 drops: rust colour

• 1cm³: rust coloured liquid with rust coloured precipitate

Fe²⁺ after NaOH

• 3-5 drops: Dark green precipitate with light green liquid

• 1cm³: Dark green liquid with dark green precipitate

Ca²⁺ after NaOH

• 3-5 drops: Milky white, cloudy precipitate

• 1cm³: White liquid and precipitate

Al³⁺ after NaOH

• 3-5 drops: White precipitate

• 1cm³: Colourless with white precipitate

Mg²⁺ after NaOH

• 3-5 drops: Cloudy white, white precipitate

• 1cm³: Translucent white with white precipitate

Product of KCl with silver nitrate (and nitric acid)

White precipitate

Product of KBr with silver nitrate (and nitric acid)

Cream-coloured precipitate

Product of KI(potassium iodide) with silver nitrate (and nitric acid)

Yellow precipitate

Observation of carbonate ion with nitric acid

Effervescence

Observation of sulfate ion with barium nitrate (and nitric acid)

White precipitate

Phenolphthalein

Acid: Colorless

Alkali: Pink

Methyl orange

Acid: Red
Alkali: Yellow

Litmus

Acid: Red

Alkali: Blue

Universal indicator