WSU KINES 261 Final Exam

Cancer

The uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells

Characteristics of Cancer

1. Power to invade other tissues

2. Mutated cells replicate additional damaged cells

3. Cells have decreased ability for the natural cycle of cell death/automatic destruction

Cancer mortality rates are ___

Declining y an average of 2% per year

Chronic hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and liver cancer

Stimulate the growth of cancer cells in the liver

Human papilloma virus is connected to

Cervical Cancer

Neoplasm

New growth of tissue that serves no physiological function

Tumor

Group/mass of neoplasmic cells

Malignant

“Cancerous”, dangerous, harmful

Benign

“Noncancerous”, harmless

Metastasis

Process by which malignant tumors that are not enclosed in a protective capsule spread to other organs

Stage 1 of Metastasis

Genetically altered cell

Stage 2 of Metastasis

Cell divides more rapidly than normal

Stage 3 of Metastasis

Cells change form

Stage 4 of Metastasis

In situ cancer: Cells stay in one place

Stage 5 of Metastasis

Malignant cells invade normal tissue and enter blood and lymph and form at distant sites

If lung cancer cells spread to the brain, the cancer cells in the brain are considered

Lung cancer cells

Lymphatic system

Fights off bacteria and other infections, destroys old or abnormal cells

Lymph nodes

Filters out lymph fluid. White blood cells attack any bacteria or viruses it finds in the lymph

Biopsy

Microscopic examination of cell to determine origin

Cancer stage diagnosis: T

Size of tumor and overgrowth

Cancer stage diagnosis: N

In Lymph nodes

Cancer Stage diagnosis: M

Metastasis, or distant areas of the body

Carcinogenic

Known to cause cancer/be linked to cancer

Heredity Risk

Factors that cannot be modified

Environmental risk

Factors that are potentially modifiable

Lifetime risks

The probability that an individual over the course of a lifetime will develop cancer

Lifetime risk for Men

1 in 2 chance

Lifetime risk for Women

1 in 3 chance

Relative risk

The measure of the relationship between risk factors and a particular cancer

Tobacco Use

At least 30% of all cancers

Alcohol Use

33% of cancers

Oncogenes

Mutated genes that encourage cells to divide rapidly

Tumor Suppressor genes

When inactivated, cell division goes uncontrolled

Estrogen

Breast cancer risk, higher risk of death with lung cancer

Testosterone

Link to liver, prostate and testicular cancer

hGH

Link to colorectal cancer

Stereotactic radiosurgery

Gamma radiation used to zap tumors

Radiotherapy

Destroys malignant cells or stops their growth

Chemotherapy

Used to shrink tumors before or after surgery/radiation

Survivorship

Issus of cancer from diagnosis until end of life

Remission

Cancer is responding to treatment and is under control

“Cured”

No signs of cancer for 5 years, long life expectancy

Skin- ABCDE Rule

Asymmetry

Border irregularity

Color irregularity

Diameter

Evolving

Infectious Diseases

Illnesses caused by germs that enter the body, multiply, and cause infection

Pathogen

Disease-causing agent

Endemic

Disease that is always present but rises and falls at expected rates

Epidemic

Outbreak affecting many people in a community or region

Exogenous Microorganisms

Do not normally inhabit the body

Endogenous microorganisms

Organisms that live in and on people

Colonization

living in a host without causing infection, symbiotic relationship

Exposure

Higher risk with high numbers of the microorganism within an area/person/surface

Imbalance

Higher number of microorganisms in your body than normal

Virulence

The strength of the microorganisms at overcoming your immune system

Epidemiological Triad of Disease

• Host susceptibility

• Hospitable Environment

• Agent Infectivity

Antibodies

Individually matched to destroy or weaken specific antigens on a pathogen

Antigen

Unique identifying marker on the surface of a pathogen that triggers immune response

Humoral Response

Body uses antibodies to inactivate an antigen

Cell-mediated immunity

Mediated by white blood cells to attack pathogen and antigens

Innate immunity

Fast acting, non-specific

Adaptive immunity

Slow acting, but specific to pathogen

Artificially acquired active immunity

Vaccines

Naturally acquired active immunity

Normal course of life exposure to antigens

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Mother passes immunity through placenta or breastmilk

Vaccines

Used to develop antibodies to prevent future illness

ACSM Recommendations

• General Pop. should engage in at least 30-60 minutes physical activity per day

• 5 days/week: Moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 30 minutes or longer

• 3 days/week: Vigorous intensity for 20 minutes or longer

• 2-3 days/week: Muscular strength, neuromuscular training, flexibility

Aging/Cognitive changes on Intelligence

Intelligence does NOT change

Aging/Cognitive changes on Memory

Short term memory may decline, speed of learning slows, long term memory does NOT fade

Most common emotional illness in elders

Depression

Changes in Skin in Aging

Loss of surface body fat, loss of elasticity, temp regulation

Aging effects on Head

Skull increases in thickness, brain shrinks and nose and earlobes grow

Other aging effects on body

• Bones: osteoporosis and osteoarthritis

• Sarcopenia: muscle loss

• Urinary system: Kidneys filter less, bladder holds less

Wear and Tear Theory

• The human body wears out

• The more you abuse your body, the faster it will wear out

Genetic Mutation Theory

• Number of cells exhibiting unusual or different characteristics increase with age

• Mistakes in replication

Cellular Theory

• Only have a certain number of usable cells at birth

• Genetically programmed to reproduce a limited number of times (Hayflick Limit)

• Once they die, organs they make up will degenerate

Autoimmune theory

• Decline of the immunological systems through decreased ability to create antibodies and for white blood cells to recognize foreign cells and increase autoimmune response

Aging

The patterns of life changes that occur in members of all species as they grow older

Biological age

Relative age or condition of a person’s organs and body systems

Psychological age

Adaptive capacities; coping abilities, intelligence, resilience, awareness, self-efficacy, ability to adapt to new situations or adversity

Social Age

Habits and roles relative to society’s expectations

Legal Age

Factor to determine driving eligibility, voting rights, social security

Functional age

Status in terms of physical and mental performance

Intestate

Dying without a will/

Holographic will

Will written in the person’s own handwriting and un-witnessed

Patient’s Rights

As long as a person is conscious and competent, he or she has the right to refuse or receive treatment

Living will/Advanced healthcare directive

Document that stipulates an individual’s wishes regarding medical care if incapacitated

DNR

Do not resuscitate

Terminal Illness

Cannot be cured

Hospice

End of life care

Palliative

Relieving the pain and symptoms in order to improve quality of life

Death

Irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions

Brain death

The irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brainstem

Persistent Vegetative State

Wakeful unconscious state, no awareness, NOT considered death by any government

Social death

Inability to complete tasks (Huge predictor of mortality)

Grief

A state of mental distress that occurs in reaction to significant loss

Disenfranchised grief

A person experiences a loss that cannot be openly acknowledged, publicly mourned, or socially supported

Kubler-Ross Stages of Death Processing

• Denial

• Anger

• Bargaining

• Depression

• Acceptance

Liking

Intimacy Only

Romantic Love

Intimacy + Passion

Infatuation

Passion Only

Fatuous Love

Passion + Commitment