APES all units

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sustainable

it describes the amount of a resource that can be removed that does not exceed the growth (replacement) of the resource

impervious

Impervious surfaces do not allow water to pass though - roads, parking lots, sidewalks, roofs - leading to runoff.

infiltration

When water is absorbed into the ground.

intercropping

planting more than one crop together in the same field, in rows between each other or intermixed with each other. Often one plant will be nitrogen giving while the other nitrigen taking.

crop rotation

growing one crop to harvest- and then growing a different crop in the same field. This is another way of using plants to add nitrogen back to the soil between the crops to take nitrogen from the soil.

pests may prefer only on specific crop, rotating crops prevents pests from establishing

also disrupts weed growth as it prevents bare soil being open for weeds

population

amount of organisms in a given environment that are in same species

population ecology

study of populations in relation to environment influences on density, distribution, age, structure, and variations

population size

total amount of individuals in a given area

(birth+immigration)-(death plus emigration)=

than add that number to already existing population

population density

number of individuals per area

higher density=higher competition and increased disease

population distribution

how same species is dispersed within an environment

random- trees no pattern to dispersion

uniform- territorial animals like bobcats

clumped- think herding animals

age structure

amount and proportion of people in the same age range

density dependent factors

effects on environment change when density changes

limiting resource

a resource that when used up causes the population to change either up in rise or lower

carrying capactiy

represents the largest population that can be maintained for an indefinite period for a particular environment

growth rate

the percentage that a population is growing or decreasing

intrinsic growth rate

maximum possible growth rate of a population under unlimited resources and ideal conditions

Exponential growth model

increasing at a rate that curves up like a j continues growing upat an unlimited rate

logistic growth model

it increases fast and then levels out based on realistic conditions and resources

k-species

species that tend to have longer lives, less offspring and more parental care live longer

quality over quantity

r-species

many offspring little to no parental care, along with short life span (bugs, reptiles) quick to sexual maturity

quantity over quality

survivorship curves

shows the survival rate of same species in a population in a given area follows from birth to death

competition

interaction between two or more organisms, that need the same resources/space

can lead to one or both organisms becoming extinct due to minimal resources or further threaten species

competitive exclusion principle

when two species co exist and compete for same limited resources their size will never be constant

resource partitioning

the use of the same resource in the same area, different times, parts of resource,

Demography

study of births deaths income and incidence of disease which illustrates changing structure of human pops

Demographers

expert in study of statistics relating to changing structure of human populations

immgration

the act of organisms coming into a given areas

emigration

act of organisms leaving a given area

Crude Birth Rate

The crude birth rate is the number of babies born per 1,000 people in a given area in a specific time period.

Crude Death Rate

The crude death rate is a measure of the number of deaths in a given population, typically expressed per 1,000 people per year.

doubling time

number of years it will take a population to double in size given current growth rate

rule of 70- time it takes for population to double is equal to 70/growth rate

total fertility rate

average number of children born to each women during lifetime

Replacement fertility rate

number of children a couple must have to replace themselves

developed country

country that has access to food, water, healthcare, promotes education for women and family planning normally has a lower birth rate

developing country

have more need for children, no education really for women, less access to healthcare, food and water, high birth rate, high infant death rate

life expectancy

average lifespan of a person or animal in a given area, changes based on resources 

child mortality

death of children under the age of 5 also refers to the probability of dying between both and exactly five years of age per 1000 live births

Net migration rate

indicates the contribution of migration to level of population

age structure diagram

distribution of the population of people among various ages

Population pyramid

visual representation of a population age and genderdistribution

Population momentum

population growth at a national level that would occur if childbirthimmediatly declined to replacement level

Demographic transition

various characteristics of a population includes race sex and age in a population

model shows nations birth and death rate and how they are historically correlated

Family planning

the information on what a person/women can do to have or not have a family basically there planning for the future or work/education

Affluence

abundance of wealth/material goods often correlated with high consumption rate, increased waste generation and amplified carbon footprints

iPAT equation

impact(I)=population(P) x affluence(A) x technology(T)

Urban area

area with human infastructure

Disturbance

any event that can temporarily change ecosystems, community or population structure along with changing resources availability or environment

Watershed

area of land that channels rainfall, snow-melt and runoff into a common body of water

Resistance

ability of an organism or defined area of land to remain unchanged when subjected to stress

Ecosystem Resilience

organism/ecosystems ability to return to original state after traumatic event

higher species diversity=higher ecosystem resilience

Restoration ecology

seeks to restore health integrity and sustainability of ecosystems that have been degraded by human activities

Instrumental value

worth of an object or resource based on usefulness or benefit to humans

Intrinsic value

emphasizes the inherent worth of nature regardless of its usefulness to humans focusing on conservation and preservation

Keystone species

a species that when removed will affect all other organisms in an ecosystem most likely in the failure of the area

A species that plays an important role in allowing the rest of the ecosystem to function.

Ecological succession

predictable stages of growth that an area go’s through after a traumatic event

Primary succession

the succession after a natural disaster like volcanoes or a meteor must happen from bare rock

Pioneer species

the first species that arrives back into an ecosystem after a traumatic event

Theory of Island Biogeography

study of ecological relationships and community structure of islands larger and closer the island the more diverse the smaller and further away the less diverse

Richness

total number of different species found in an ecosystem

Species Evenness

measure how individual organisms in ecosystems are balanced between species

Phylogenies

study of evolution diversity and the way organisms and species are related to each other

Evolution

how animals or organisms slowly/quickly adapt to situations

Genotype

the coding of physical expression, the DNA in your body for phenotyoe

Phenotype

the physical expression of organisms DNA

Fitness

animals ability to make it to adult hood and have children

Adaptions

side of evolution (birds with large beaks die out becuase seeds are to tiny so next generation really only has tiny beaks)

Genetic drift

change in frequency of existing gene in the population due to random chance, could reduce genetic variation or make rare traits more common

Bottleneck effect

a natural traumatic event that causes most of the population to die out, looses diversity

Founder Effect

a group that separates from a larger population to form a new group, new group may distinctly vary from original pop

Geographic Isolation

allopatric speciation physical barriers preventative two populations from reproducing

Reproductive isolation

biological barriers that prevent two species from having fertile children together

Allopatric speciation

groups from ancestral population evolve into separate species due to geographical separation(think Galapagos finches, one finch species to different islands means different finches)

Sympatric speciation

groups from same ancestral population evolve into separate species without any geographical separation (due to mutation or change in DNA that is continued to be breed in species until there are two distinct species)

Range of Tolerance

the range of which an organism can tolerate through different situations, drought, flood, fire, salinity, pH

Fundamental Niche

complete set of environmental conditions in which species can potentially survive and reproduce

Realized Niche

set conditions actually used by animal after interactions with other species have been taken into account

Generalist

the species that has general quality’s and can survive in many different environments

Can thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources. (Heterotroph)

Specialist

species that can only live in the environment that why adapted for
and a specific range of tolerance, has a limited diet

Fossils

bones of past creatures that have been encased in stone and left imprints of the bones

Mass Extinction Endangered

when many species of animals die out due to a large change in the enviornment

Inbreeding depression

when inbreeding happens it causes a loss of genetic diversity and reduces biological fitness

Native Species

species that are meant to be in that enviornment and have evolved to survive there

Alien Species

species that comes into a new environment and was not built to live in that area

Exotic Species

a species that has been introduced into an area that is not found there naturally

Lacey Act

is a 1900 conservation law in the united States that now prohibits trade in wildlife fish and plants that have been illegally taken, possessed transported or sold

red list

categorizes how close a species is to becoming extince

biosphere reserves

internationally designated protected areas or nature reserves

convention on biological diversity

is a multilateral treaty that works for conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its component, fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources

Abiotic Factors

Non-living thing

Biotic Fctors

Living things

Species

A group of living organisms of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes.

Community

Living things in an community. Groups of different species living together in a particular place with a potential for interacting with one another.

Ecosystem

Living and non-living things in an area

Endangered Species

A species of an animal or plant that will become extinct soon

specialists more likely to be endangered than generalists

Foundation Species

A species eho activities changes in the habitat.

Parasitism

An interaction in which one organism lives on or in another organism.

Predation

When one prey attacks other animal and eats them.

when predator pop goes up prey pop goes down, and vice versa

Indicator Species

Some species are sensitive to environmental change, plant or animal and by its presence or absence or abundance can demonstrate how healthy the ecosystem is usually an organism with narrow ecological tolerance

Edge effect(ecotone)- BIOLOGY

Edge between 2 types of habitat.

Trophic Levels

The position an organism occupies in a food chain (e.g., producer, herbivore, carnivore