Knowledge of culture as a factor & linguistic terms

What are the elements of culture

symbols, language, values, norms and artifacts

symbols

used to express specific ideologies and social structures and to represent aspects of their specific culture (cross, jewish star, eagle)

language

language is an expression of who we are as individuals, communities, nations; it is a system that consists of the development, acquisition, maintenance and use of complex systems of communication

values

the core principles and ideals upon which an entire community exists; customs (traditions and rituals), values (beliefs), and culture (groups' guiding values)

norms

folkways, mores, taboos and laws; attitudes and behaviors that are considered normal, typical or average within the group

artifacts

can be anything like things in a museum (paintings, statues or other works of art), or something like clothing, music they listen to or how a workplace is structured. An object made by a person and what it means to the people using it, and the greater significance to society

culture

refers to attitudes and patterns of behavior in a given group

what is cultural adaptation

the process and time it takes a person to assimilate to a new culture

What are the phases of cultural adaptation

honeymoon phase, adjustment phase, acceptance phase, and adaptation phase

acculturation

the process of social, psychological and cultural change that stems from blending between cultures. (japanese people dressing in Western clothing)

assimilation

the process of acquiring the social and psychological characteristics of a group; full assimilation occurs when members of a society become indistinguishable from those of the dominant group

What are social issues and trends that affect the education of ELLs

ex: immigration (immigrants moving to small urban communities)

What are the aspects of linguistics

the study of language and its structure

What are the components of a word

prefixes, roots and suffixes

what is the etymology of words

the study of the origin of words and how their meanings have changed throughout history

What are the universal principles of language

patterns that are common to diverse tongues in the world with variations in each language; ex: all sentences have a subject then verb and the present tense is used as people speak about habitual actions they do,

What are the three basic characteristics of language

all languages are systematic, rule-governed, arbitrary -

What are the stages of language acquisition

first language acquisition (listening to and imitation of sounds) and second-language acquisition (6 stages)

what are some of the branches of linguistics

morphology, phonetics, phonemics, morphophonology, etymology, semantics, syntactics/grammar

What is morphology (morphological)

the study of a language's parts and how those parts interact. (words: how they are formed and their relationship to other words in the same language) analyzes the structure of words and parts of words such as stems, root words, prefixes and suffixes. the arrangement of the smallest meaningful units in a language.

What is phonology (phonological)

the sound system - branch of linguistics that deals with systems of sounds in a particular language (ie: phonetics)

What is syntax (syntactic)? principles of

the grammatical structure/arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language; word order

what is semantics? principles of

the branch of linguistics concerned with meaning: formal semantics studies the logical aspect of meaning (sense, reference, implication and logical form); lexical semantics (word meanings and word relations) and conceptual semantics (cognitive structure of meaning)

What is pragmatics? principles of

branch of linquistics that studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning (dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used, including matters as deixis (a word or phrase that points to time, place or situation "this, that, these, those, now, then-personal pronouns) presupposition (to suppose or presume ahead of time), and conversational implicature(what is meant, but not necessarily said) - implied and inferred meanings

what is discourse? principles of

written or spoken communication or debate; a conceptual generalization of conversation within each modality and context of communication

What are the 5 components of reading instruction

phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary development, reading fluency (including oral reading skills) and reading comprehension strategies

what is phonetics

) the study and classification of speech sounds

articulatory (pronunciation), acoustic phonetics (passing of language from speaker to listener), auditory (reception and perception)

What is a phoneme

the smallest units making up spoken language - 41 phonemes (sounds of spoken language). Phonemes combine to form syllables and words. Ex: stop has 4 (s-t-o-p)/ shop has 3 (sh-o-p) - phonemic transcription is placed between slashes (/b/, /baek/)

what are graphemes

units such as letters of an alphabet - placed in between angle brackets {b} or {back}

what is phonemic awareness

the ability to identify and manipulate these phonemes in spoken words - sounds of spoken language work together to make words

what is phonics

the understanding that there is a predictable relationship between phonemes (sounds) and graphemes (letters and spellings that represent the sounds)

what is phonics instruction

teaching reading that stresses learning how letters correspond to sounds and how to use this knowledge in reading and spelling - goal is for understanding that their is a systematic relationship between written letters and spoken sounds

What is a morpheme

smallest meaningful unit in a language that has meaning; it is more than just letters - when letters are put together into a word that has meaning it is a morpheme (units of meaning:

ex: tree, run, button or the prefix "-un" - can't be broken into smaller meaningful parts)

what are the two forms of a morpheme

free - one which can function independently as a word. ex: plant (can't be broken down into a smaller part)

bound - one which has to be attached onto another morpheme or a word, it can't be independent ex: planted (plant is a free morpheme, but -ed is a bound morpheme

what are the two categories of a bound morpheme

derivational - alter the word's function as a part of speech. ex: kind (noun), add -ly, kindly (adjective)

What is vocabulary development

the knowledge of stored information about the meanings and pronunciations of words necessary for communication - is a primary determinant of reading comprehension

what are the three ways children learn the majority of their vocabulary

through conversations, mostly with adults; listening to adults read to them; and reading extensively on their own

what are orthographies

a standardized system of writing, the collection of rules that let us visually represent a language: spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, emphasis and punctuation

what are the different kinds of orthographies (the writing systems on which they are based)

logographic (symbols represent entire words -hieroglyphs- logograms), syllabic (symbols for syllabic sounds), alphabetic (visual symbols represent sounds in a spoken language, not syllables or words)

What is the interlanguage theory

the interim grammars constructed by second language learners on their way to mastery of the target language - the learner's developing second language knowledge, has characteristics of the native language, the second language, and general characteristics that occur in all languages. It is systematic, dynamic and constantly evolving.

what is first language acquisition (L1)

studies infants' acquisition of their native language

what is second language acquisition (L2)

process by which people learn a second language

what are the five stages of second language acquisition

preproduction, early production, speech emergence, intermediate fluency and advanced fluency

what is the bilingual model of instruction

teaching academic content in two languages

what is dual language instruction

approach integrates language and academic instruction for native english speakers and native speakers of another language, for content and literacy instruction

What is BICS

Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills - a theory that outlines the language proficiency needed for everyday face-to-face communication

What is CALP

Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency - a theory that outlines the proficiency needed to comprehend and manipulate language in the decontextualized educational setting

what is interlanguage

language produced by second and foreign language learners who are in the process of learning a language; includes properties and rules of L1 and L2

what is the major difference between L1 and L2 learning

L1 learning reflects an innate capacity and desire for language acquisition, as well as the prior knowledge of L1 impact the initial state of L2 learning. L1 possess no real-world knowledge or proven skills and have no preexisting awareness of language functions. For L2 learners the language they think in impacts their overall competence.

what are rhetorical devices

a resource of language, or stylistic device is a technique the author uses to convey to the reader a meaning with the goal of persuading him or her towards considering a topic from a different perspective; using sentences to encourage or provoke an emotional display of a given perspective. ex: figurative language techniques

what is metacognition

awareness of one's own thought processes

what are the three levels of interpretation

lexical -

syntactic

semantic

what is the difference between a lexical error and a grammatical error

a lexical error is an error in the choice of words a grammatical error is an error in how the words are arranged

what is the difference between criterion referenced and norm-referenced assessments

criterion-referenced - measure student performance against fixed set of criteria or learning standard

norm-referenced - designed to compare and rank test takers in relation to one another

what are socio-political factors in relation to language acquisition

social perceptions and attitudes that people hold toward specific languages increases or reduces the desire to learn them

what is the behaviorist learning theory

believes old habits of L1 interfere with the process of learning the new habits of L2 acquisition, and predicts the similarities between L1 and L2 facilitate L2 learning, while the differences lead to negative transfers

what is epenthesis

the insertion of one or more sounds or letter within a word

what is code switching

the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation

what is ethnocentrism

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture

what is pragmatics

studies the ways in which context contribute to meaning; speech act theory, conversational implicature, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in philosophy, sociology, linguistics and anthropology