Bio 1108K Practical 2

Bryophyta (mosses)

• sporophytes are usually visible to the naked eye

• haploid gametophyte is dominant life form

• green and photosynthetic

• no vascular tissue

Archegonia

• protects haploid egg

• protection of developing gametes and provision of food to zygotes

  • characteristic of plants

capsule

is at the end of the seta

Horsetail (monilophyta)

• strobili have spores in them

• vascular tissue

Fern life cycle

1. sporophyte (2n- dominant stage)

   1. sporangia → meiosis → haploid spores (n)

2. spore (n)

   1. spores released → germinates by mitosis → grows into gametophyte

3. gametophyte (n)

   1. small, photosynthetic, anchored by rhizoids

   2. contains:

      1. antheridia → produce sperm

      2. archegonia → produce eggs

4. fertilization (needs water

   1. sperm swim to egg in archegonium → diploid zygote (2n)

5. young sporophyte (2n)

   1. zygote grows by mitosis

   2. young sporophyte initially attached to gametophyte → becomes independent mature fern

gymnosperms

• seeds not enclosed in ovaries

  • pollen and seeds

Angiosperms

flowers and fruit

types of gymnosperms

• cycads

• ginkgos

• conifers

Pollen

• male gametophyte

  • formed in male cones

• reduces water used for reproduction

female cones

• gymnosperms develop seeds here

gingko cones

looks like yellow cherries

male vs female cone

male cones (left) make pollen; female cones (right) have larger openings so pollen get in

Angiosperms

• major groups:

  • basal

  • magnoliids

  • eudicots

  • monocots

• all have flowers and fruit

• most successful and diverse of all plants, 290k+ spp

male flower parts

stamen (microsporophylls):

• anther

• filament

female flower parts

pistil (megasporophylls):

• stigma

• style

• ovary

• ovule

pistil vs carpel

1 unit; multiple fused units

monocot

• Roots:

  • fibrous

• Leaves:

  • parallel veins

  • long/slender blades

• Vascular (stems):

  • scattered

• Seeds (embryos):

  • 1 cotyledon

• flowers:

  • petals in multiples of 3

• growth:

  • primary (height)

(eu)dicots

• roots:

  • taproots

• leaves:

  • branched veins

  • broad shape

• vascular (stems):

  • in a ring

• seeds (embryos):

  • 2 cotyledons

• flowers:

  • petals in multiples of 4/5

• growth:

  • primary and secondary (width)

fungus

• heterotrophic by absorption

• main body is made of hyphae

hyphae

• individual threadlike filaments

• tubular, one cell thick,

mycelia

• mats of hyphae

types of symmetry

• bilateral

• radial

• none

types of guts

• incomplete

• complete

types of skeletons

• endoskeleton

• exoskeleton

• hydrostatic

porifera

• no symmetry

• intracellular digestion

cnidaria

• radial symmetry

• gastrovascular cavity

ctenophora

• complete digestive system

• radial symmetry

platyhelminthes

• bilateral symmetry

• gastrovascular cavity

rotifers

• bilateral symmetry

• complete gut

mollusca

• marine/fw/terrestrial

• bilateral

• complete gut

gastropoda

• 1 or no shell

• aquatic, terrestrial

• herbivores, predators

bivalvia (clams)

• 2 valves

• filter feeders

• aquatic

cephalopod

• marine

• predators

• bilateral symmetry

• complete gut

• reduced shell

annelida

• segmented worms

• bilateral symmetry

• complete gut

turbellaria

• free living

cestoda

• tape worms

• internal parasites

trematodes

• flukes

• internal parasites

ecdysozoans

• nematodes

• arthopods

deuterostomes

• echinoderms

• chordates

nematodes

• detritovores & parasitic

• complete digestive tract

• only have longitudinal muscles

arthropoda (phylum)

• chelicerata

• myriapoda

• crustacea

• hexapoda

arthopoda body

• 3 sections:

  • head

  • thorax

  • abdomen

• segmented; lots of modifications and fusing

crustacea

• most decapods (10 legs)

• cephalothorax

hexapoda

• 3 body parts

• 6 (or 4) legs

• true flight

• mouthparts define order

myriapoda

• millipedes are detritovores

• centipedes are predators

• how they move is different

chelicerata

• 8 legs

• predators, detritovores, parasites

• head, thorax, and abdomen might be fused

echinoderms

• deuterostome

• 5 part radial symmetry

• all marine

subphylums of chordata

• cephalochordata

• urochordata

• vertebrata

4 characteristics of chordata

• notochord

• dorsal hollow nerve chord

• post-anal tail

• pharyngeal gill slits

ferns (p. monilophyta)

• fronds, stalk (petiole/stipe), rhizome

• spores held in sori

• found in moist habitats

seed plants

• are heterosporous

• sporophyte (2n) is dominant/ visible

• gametophytes usually microscopic

  • located in separate locations in sporophyte

P. Cycadophyta

• 130 spp

• flagellated sperm

• corn-like looking cones

• palm-like leaves

p. ginkgophyta

• 1 spp

• flagellated sperm

• dioecious

p. coniferophyta

• 600 spp

• able to grow in harsh conditions

• oldest and largest trees

what is b?

stigma

what is c?

style

what is d?

ovary

what is f?

anther

what is g?

filament

what is h?

ovule

what is i?

sepal?

what is j?

stem

fruits

• diploid sporophyte (2n)

• develops from the ovary

• portion of the plant that surrounds and protects seeds

• aid in seed dispersal