Digestion and Biochemistry Flashcards

Calories are a unit of _____ food

energy

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

energy sources for cells; short-term energy storage (amylose + glycogen); structural support (chitin + cellulose)

Monomer form of carbohydrates

monosaccharides

Monosaccharides are _____

simple sugars (e.g. glucose, galactose)

Dimer form of carbohydrates

disaccharides

Disaccharides are _____

2 simple sugars bonded together (e.g. sucrose, lactose)

Polymer form of carbohydrates

polysaccharides

Cellulose

plant cell walls

Chitin

arthropods (tough exoskeleton)

What are the functions of proteins?

structural proteins; immune system proteins, act as enzymes

Food sources of proteins

eggs, beans, meat, fish, nuts, dairy

Monomer form of proteins

amino acids

What does the monomer form of proteins always have?

Nitrogen and carbon

Polymer form of proteins

polypeptide (chain of amino acids)

When you join two or more polypeptides together

peptide bond

Primary structure of proteins

Linear chain of amino acids (bead/candy necklace)

Secondary structure of proteins

alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

Tertiary structure of proteins

coils + sheets folded up

Quaternary structure of proteins

a bunch of different pasta

Form of carbohydrate that is used for short-term storage energy source in animals

glycogen

Form of carbohydrate that is used for short-term storage energy source in plants

amylose

Lipids are _____

hydrophobic, non-polar, fat soluble

Foods sources of lipids

fats, natural oils, waxes

Functions of lipids

component of all membranes + nervous system structures, thermal insulation + organ protection in animals, long-term animal storage, dissolves some vitamins

Monomer form of lipids

fatty acids (long chain of carbon with hydrogens on either side)

Polymer form of lipids

triglyceride (three different fatty acids + hydrogen on the vertical side)

What letter does a triglyceride look like?

capital "E"

Lipids are used in animals as _____

long-term energy source

Monounsaturated fatty acids have _____

two missing hydrogens + one double bond, C=C

Saturated fatty acids have _____

a linear carbon chain with hydrogens bonded to them, no carbon-carbon bonds

Polyunsaturated fatty acids have _____

four or more missing hydrogens + two or more double bonds, C=C

8 levels organization (atoms to organisms) by size

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism