Comprehensive Physics Study Guide: Units 4-7

Momentum

The quantity of motion an object has, calculated by the product of its mass and velocity: $P = mv$.

Elastic Collision

A collision where two objects bounce off each other; energy and momentum are conserved.

Inelastic Collision

A collision where objects stick together, resulting in a loss of kinetic energy but conservation of momentum.

Impulse

The change in momentum resulting from a force applied over a period of time: $I = Ft$.

Work

The energy transferred when a force is applied over a distance: $W = F \times d$.

Power

The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred: $P = \frac{W}{t}$.

Efficiency

The ratio of useful work output to the total energy input, expressed as a percentage: $$\text{Efficiency} = \frac{\text{Output Work}}{\text{Input Work}} \times 100\%.

Potential Energy

Energy stored in an object due to its position or height, calculated as $PE = mgh$.

Kinetic Energy

The energy of an object due to its motion, calculated as $KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2.$

Gravitational Force

The attractive force between two masses, calculated by $F\_g = \frac{G m\_1 m\_2}{r^2}.$

Renewable Energy Sources

Energy sources that are replenished naturally, including solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal power.

Non-renewable Energy Sources

Energy sources that cannot be replenished in a short time frame, such as fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and nuclear energy.