Science so far

respiratory system

supplies oxygen to the body while removing carbon dioxide and water

Breathing

movement of the chest that brings air into the body through the lungs

Respiration

a chemical reaction used by cells to release energy from sugar, while producing carbon dioxide and water as waste

nose

where air enters the body through nasal cavities which are like by cells called cilia

Cilia

tiny hair-like projections that move in a sweeping motion

Pharynx

an entry point for air, and a passage used by food and liquid

Trachea

The windpipe, held open by rings of cartilage and lined by cilia and mucous

Epiglottis

A small flap of tissue that folds over the trachea which prevents food or liquid from entering

Bronchi

Passages that direct air into the lungs

The lungs

the main organs of the respiratory system

Bronchioles

The smallest bronchi which end in clusters called alveoli

Alveoli

Tiny sacs of tissue that move gases between air and blood

The Digestive System

Disassembles the food you eat and turns it into molecules so your body can use it as energy

Mouth

Where food enters and the digestive process begins

Mechanical digestion

occurs by chewing, mixing, and churning the food

chemical digestion

the process of changing food on a molecular level by using enzymes

enzymes

proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body

esophagus

muscular tube that moves food to the stomach using peristalsis

Peristalsis

waves of muscle contractions

stomach

where food is digested mechanically by peristalsis and chemically by a digestive enzyme called pepsin and hydrochloric acid

Small intestine

Where nutrients are absorbed by the help of Villi and most chemical digestion takes place

Villi

Small hair-like projections that help with the absorption of nutrients

Liver

An organ that produces bile and removes toxins from food

Bile

A substance that breaks up fat particles

Gallbladder

Where bile is stored

Pancreas

breaks down sugar and produces enzymes that flow into the small intestine to help with chemical digestion of protein carbs and fat

The large intestine

Absorbs water from undigested material and send it back into the bloodstream

Rectum and anus

where the remaining material is excreted from the body

Nervous system

Receives information from inside and outside your body. It directs how your body reacts to this information and helps to maintain homeostasis

Neurons

Individual cells that carry information through your nervous system, they carry a message called a nerve impulse which they transfer at a synapse

Nerve impulse

electrical or chemical signal

Dendrite

A threadlike extension

Axon tips

Where an impulse moves through the cell body

Nerve fibers

Made up of axon tips

Nerve

A bundle of nerve fibers

Sensory neuron

picks up a stimulus and converts it to a nerve impulse

Interneurons

Found in the brain or spinal cord, they carry it to a motor neuron

Motor neuron

sends an impulse to a muscle or gland, allowing it to respond

Central Nervous System

Includes the brain and the spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

Includes all of the nerves outside of the central nervous system

The Brain

The control center of the central nervous system, has three layers between the skull and the brain to protect it

Cerebrum

interprets input, controls movement, listening, and remembering

Cerebellum

Coordinates muscle movement and helps you maintain your balance

Brain stem

controls involuntary actions like your heartbeat and breathing

Reflexes

automatic responses that happen without conscious control

Cardiovascular System

carries needed substances to cells and carries waste products away from cells, also contains cells to fight disease

The Heart

A hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body, each beat pushes blood towards blood vessels

The 4 Heart chambers

2 atriums, which are the upper chambers, and two ventricles, which are the lower chambers.

Septum

Separates the two sides of the heart

Pacemaker

A group of cells found in the right atrium that puts out a signal to make the heart contract.

Valves

separate the atriums from the ventricles and prevent the blood from flowing backward

blood vessels

carry blood to every part of your body

Arteries

move blood containing oxygen away from the heart

Veins

carry unoxygenated blood back to the heart

capillaries

microscopic vessels that connect arteries to veins

The double loop

Two loops with the heart at the center,

The functions of blood

1. Carries oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and carries CO2 back to be exhaled

2. Carries waste from your cells to your kidneys to be removed

3. transports nutrients to cells

4. fights infections and heals wounds

Plasma

the liquid part of the blood made of mostly water

Red blood cells

contain hemoglobin

hemoglobin

a chemical that carries and supplies the body with oxygen

White blood cells

fight bacteria and viruses

Platelets

irregularly shaped cell fragments that help to clot blood

cells

are specialized and carry out specific jobs that keep us alive

Nervous tissue

directs and controls movement by carrying electrical messages back and forth between the brain and other parts of the body

connective tissue

provides support for the body and all of its parts

epithelial tissue

covers the surfaces of the body inside and out

muscle tissue

contacts, or shortens, to make parts of the body move

tissue

a group of similar cells that all do the same thing

organ

a structure made of different tissues that carry out a specific, complex job

organ system

a group of organs that work together to preform a major job

organism

a living thing with organ systems that work together to keep a body alive

homeostasis

how your body maintains an internal balance

actions that require homeostasis

regulating temperature, meeting energy needs, maintaining water balance, keeping your balance, responding to stress, fighting disease

Skeletal system

Shape and support, movement, protection of organs, production of blood cells, and storage of substances

Joints

where bones come together and are allowed to move in different ways

Immovable joints

Connect bones but allow little or no movement

Movable joints

Allow the body to make many different movements

Hinge joint

Knee, elbow. Allows forward or backward motion for straightening and bending

Ball-and-socket joint

Hip, shoulder. Allows the most motion out of any joints. Allows circular motions

Gliding joint

Wrist, allows one bone to slide over another to make a bending or flexing motion

Pivot joint

Neck, thumb. Allows one bone to rotate around another bone

Bones

Strong, lightweight structures that grow, develop, and heal themselves. Make of bone tissue, bone vessels, and nerves

Periosteum

A thin outer membrane that covers bone

Compact bone

Hard and dense, but not solid. Minerals like calcium make this part of the bone hard

Spongy bone

Have small pores in it that make it lightweight

Cartilage

A strong connective tissue that is more flexible than bones

Axial

The bones of the head and trunk. Includes skull, ribs, and backbone

Appendicular

The bones contained in the limbs and their connection points

Anterior

Viewed from the front

Posterior

Viewed from behind

Suture

immovable joints connecting the bones of the skull

Flexors

Bend a joint

Extensors

Straighten a joint

Osteoporosis

A condition where bones become weak and easily break

Ligament

A strong connective tissue that holds bones in moveable joints together

Tendon

A connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

Involuntary muscles

Muscles you can’t control

Voluntary muscles

Muscles that allow you to move in any way you want