Urinalysis section (General diagnosis)

What does straw urine mean?

Normal

What does red urine mean?

Blood or food pigments (infection, cancer, or food dyes)

What does green urine mean?

Biliverdin (biliary duct obstruction, pseudomonas infection, bad protein digestion)

What does blue urine mean?

Diuretic therapy, pseudomonas infection, bad protein digestion

What does brown urine mean?

Bile pigments or blood (biliary duct obstruction, occult blood, homogentistic acid)

What does black urine mean?

Homogentisic acid or urobilin (ochronosis, hemolysis, bacteria)

What does hazy or cloudy urine mean?

Epithelial cells, WBCs, RBCs, crystals, sperm, microorganisms

What does milky urine mean?

WBCs or fat

What is normal pH of urine?

4-8

What is normal specific gravity of urine?

1.01-1.03

What does an increased specific gravity indicate?

Bacterial infection, diabetes mellitus, and kidney infection

What does a normal urine glucose reading look like?

None detected; renal threshold is >180 mg %

What does a increase urine glucose indicate?

Diabetes mellitus, shock, head injury, pancreatic disease, renal tubular disease

What does an increase in ketones in urine indicate?

Starvation, diabetes mellitus, weight loss diets, inadequate carbohydrate intake

What does an increase in proteins in urine indicate?

Kidney disorders, toxemia of pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, multiple myeloma

What does a normal urine urobilinogen reading look like?

.1-1 El unit/mL

What does an increase in uronilinogen in urine indicate?

Hemolytic disease or hepatic disease

What does a decrease in uronilinogen in urine indicate?

Biliary obstruction

What does an increase in biliruin in urine indicate?

Hepatic disease of biliary obstruction

What does an increase in blood in urine indicate?

Tumors, trauma, kidney infection, kidney stones, hypertension, bleeding disorders

What is a hyaline cast?

Normal

What is an epithelial cast?

Tubular damage

What is a RBC cast?

Glomerulonephritis

What is a WBC cast?

Pyelonephritis

What is a waxy cast?

Renal failure, nephrosis