Alterations in Cardiovascular Function and Perfusion

Practice flashcards for reviewing key concepts related to alterations in cardiovascular function and perfusion.

What is the formula for Cardiac Output (CO)?

CO = Heart Rate (HR) × Stroke Volume (SV)

What does preload refer to in the cardiovascular system?

Preload is how much the ventricle is stretched or filled before it contracts.

What is the primary function of baroreceptors?

Baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure.

Name two modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Smoking and hypertension.

What characterizes chronic stable angina?

It has a predictable pattern that occurs with exertion or stress.

What EKG changes occur during stable angina episodes?

ST-segment depression and T-wave inversion.

What are the three conditions included in Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?

Unstable angina (UA), NSTEMI (non-ST elevation MI), and STEMI (ST elevation MI).

What is the most specific biomarker for myocardial injury?

Troponin.

What is the priority treatment for Unstable Angina/NSTEMI?

Aspirin is the first priority treatment to inhibit platelet aggregation.

What is the preferred method of reperfusion therapy for STEMI?

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is the preferred method.

What is the classic sign of pericarditis?

Pericardial friction rub is a classic sign of pericarditis.

What must be monitored post-pericardiocentesis?

Vital signs, heart sounds, and signs of fluid re-accumulation.

What are Janeway lesions, and what condition are they associated with?

Janeway lesions are painless, flat, red spots on the palms/soles associated with infective endocarditis.

What is dilated cardiomyopathy?

A progressive condition where dilation of the ventricles impairs the heart's ability to contract.

What are common symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Dyspnea, chest pain, and syncope due to outflow obstruction.

What should be avoided in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Nitrates and diuretics should be avoided as they can worsen outflow obstruction.

What is restrictive cardiomyopathy characterized by?

Stiff and noncompliant heart muscle leading to impaired ventricular filling.