annoying bits for chem- reactions, chemical tests etc

Group 2 elements w water

Form hydroxides and hydrogen

M(s) + 2H2O (l) → M(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Group 2 w oxygen

Solid white oxides

Group 2 w chlorine

Solid white chlorides

Group 2 oxides and hydroxides in water

Hydroxides aqueous, alkaline

Group 2 oxides and hydroxides in dilute acid

Chlorides, salt

Flame tests Li

Red

Na

Yellow / orange

K

Lilac

Cs

Blue

Rb

Red

Ca

Brick red

Sr

Crimson

Ba

Green

Colour of halogens

Fluorine- pale yellow

Chlorine- green

Bromine- brown

Iodine- grey

Chlorine in water

Colourless

Chlorine hexane

Colourless

Bromine in water

Yellow

Bromide in hexane

Orange red

Iodine in water

Brown

Iodine in hexane

Pink

Halogens and cold alkalis

X2 + 2NaOH → NaOX + NaX + H2O

Chlorine and sodium hydroxide

Forms sodium chlorate- bleach

NaClO (aq)

Halogens and hot alkalis

3X2 + 6NaOH → NaXO3 + 5NaX + 3H2O

Chlorine and water

Cl2 + H2O → HCl + HClO hydrochloric acid and hypochlous acid

Makes chlorate ions

HClO + H2O → ClO- + H3O+

Chlorate ions kill bactera

Both are reversible reactions

Catalytic converterS changing gases

2NO + 2CO → 2CO2 + N2

Bio ethanol

Fermentation of sugar

Biodiesel

Refining fats and oils

Biogas

Breakdown of organic waste matter

Alkene to alkane

Nickel catalyst and heat

Alkenes to dihalogenoalkanes- what type of reaction

Electrophillic addition

Alkene to alcohol

Steam and phos acid

Alkene oxidised

Diol, purple solution to colourless

Potassium managate

Alkene to halogenoalkane

Hydrogen halides

Haloogenoalkanes alocols

Aqueous pot hydroxide REFLUX

Halogenoalkanes to nitriles

Potassium cyanide

Halogenoalkanes to amine

Ammonia

Halogenoalkanes to Alkene

Ethanol pot hydroxide, elimination, HEAT UNDER REFLUX