Gas Exchange and the Cardiovascular System

These flashcards cover key concepts related to gas exchange and the cardiovascular system, providing definitions and explanations relevant for exam preparation.

Gas exchange

The exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen gases at cells and tissues through the process of diffusion.

Diffusion

The passive transport of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

Adaptations of gas exchange systems

Features such as large surface area, thin tissue layers, and permeable membranes that enhance gas exchange.

Concentration gradient

The difference in concentration of a substance between two areas, allowing for diffusion from high to low concentration.

Ventilation

The movement of air in and out of the lungs, facilitating gas exchange.

Alveoli

Small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Tidal volume

The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath.

Spirometer

An instrument used to measure air capacity of the lungs.

Transpiration

The movement of water through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts.

Atherosclerosis

The hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol and other substances.

Capillaries

Small blood vessels that connect arteries to veins and facilitate the exchange of materials between blood and cells.

Risk factors for atherosclerosis

Includes genetics, age, gender, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, and diet high in fats and cholesterol.

Coronary arteries

The arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle and can be occluded due to atherosclerosis.

Inspiration

The process of breathing in air into the lungs.

Expiration

The process of breathing out air from the lungs.

Guard cells

Specialized cells that control the opening and closing of stomata in plant leaves.

Surfactant

A substance secreted by alveoli to reduce surface tension and prevent their collapse.

Lung volumes

Measurements of different capacities of air in the lungs, including tidal volume and vital capacity.