Genetics: Ch 17 Eurkaryotic Gene Regulation
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26 Terms
DNA level of regulation
chromatin structure, promoters
RNA level of regulation
splicing, stability
protein level of regulation
modification, degradation
euchromatin
open, active
heterochromatin
closed, inactive
chromatin remodeling complexes
move nucleosomes
acetylation histone modifications (HAT)
activates transcription
deacetylation histone modifications (HDAC)
represses transcription
methylation histone modification
can activate or repress transcription
CpG island methylation
gene silencing
promoter
binds RNA polymerase
enhancers
increase transcription
silencers
decrease transcription
alternative splicing RNA level regulation
multiple proteins from one gene
spliceosome RNA level regulation
removes introns
5’ cap + poly A tail
protect mRNA
exoribonucleases
degrade mRNA
nonsense-mediated decay (NMD)
degrades mRNA with premature stop codon
miRNA
block translation
siRNA
degrades mRNA
RISC complex
mediates silencing
long noncoding RNA (IncRNA)
200 bp, regulates gene expression
ex: Xist→X chromosome inactivation
protein level phosphorylation (protein-level regulation)
changes protein function
kinases add phosphate
phosphatases remove
ubiquitination (protein-level regulation)
targets protein for degradation
proteasome
degrades tagged proteins
lysosome
breaks down cellular material